<document>
<page>
<par>
<line>
Centro Unv*rsitário Santo Agostinho
</line>
</par><par>
<line>
www*.fsanet.com.*r/revista
</line>
<line>
Rev. FSA, Tere*i*a, *. *0, n. 12, art. 7, p. 138-164, *e*. 20*3
</line>
<line>
ISSN Impresso: *806-6356 I*SN Ele*rônico: 2317-2983
</line>
<line>
http://dx.doi.org/10.12819/20*3.20.12.7
</line>
</par><par>
<line>
*ublic Policies and Politics: The *r*zilian Di*em*a to Re**ce Deforestat**n
</line>
<line>
Políticas *úblicas e a P*líti*a: * Dilema Br*sileiro para **duzi* o Desmata*ent*
</line>
</par><par>
<line>
Geran*y *ouveia *etto
</line>
<line>
Graduado em Ciê*ci*s Econômicas pe** *aculdade *e Administraçã*, Ciências *ontábeis e E*onomia da Univer*id*de
</line>
<line>
Federal da Gr*nde Doura*os
</line>
<line>
*-mail: net**_gouvei*@ho*mail.com
</line>
<line>
Jon*t**n Gonçal*es da Silva
</line>
<line>
Douto* e* Economia *plicada pel* Escola Superior d* Agr*cultura "Luiz *e Qu*ir*z" - ESA*Q/USP
</line>
<line>
Prof*ss*r *o Program* de P*s-graduação em *gronegócios da Universidade F*deral da Grande *o*r*d*s
</line>
<line>
E-*ail: j*nat**ndasilva@ufgd.ed*.b*
</line>
<line>
Rose*aine Bonfi* de Almei**
</line>
<line>
D*utora em Economia Aplic*da pel* E*cola Supe**o* de A*ricultu*a "Luiz de Qu**roz" - ESAL*/USP
</line>
<line>
Pro*essora do *rogr*ma de Pós-g*aduação *m Agro*egócios d* *niversid*de Federal da G*and* D*urados
</line>
<line>
E-mail: rosela*n*almeid*@ufgd.ed*.*r
</line>
</par><par>
<line>
Ende*eço: Gerandy Gouveia N*tto
</line>
</par><par>
<line>
(FA**/UFGD) - Rodovia Dourados/It*hum, Km 12,
</line>
<line>
*ditor-Chefe: Dr. Tonny Kerl*y de Al*n*ar
</line>
</par><par>
<line>
Cidade *niversit*ria, *o*rad*s/MS, CEP: 79.804-*70.,
</line>
<line>
Rodrigues
</line>
</par><par>
<line>
Brasil.
</line>
</par><par>
<line>
E*dereço: Jo*ath*n *onçal*es da Silva
</line>
<line>
Artigo re*ebido em 15/*0/2**3. Últim*
</line>
<line>
versã*
</line>
</par><par>
</par>
</page><page>
<par>
<line>
*u*lic Policie* and Politics: Th* B**z*l**n Dilemma to R*duce Deforestati*n
</line>
<line>
1*9
</line>
</par><par>
<line>
ABS*RACT
</line>
</par><par>
<line>
Wor*dwide env*ronmen*al debates have advanced as a
</line>
<line>
response ** the need to curb *lobal
</line>
</par><par>
<line>
warming. In 2015 the *a*is Agree*ent was es*a*l*shed, in which countries set en*ironmen*a*
</line>
<line>
goals for 2025 and 20*0. Brazi* i* a signatory to the Agreem*nt a*d identifi*s d*forestati*n in
</line>
<line>
the Ama*on Rain*o*es* *s it* m*i* *nviron*ent*l **obl*m. Th*s *tudy *ropo*es an
</line>
<line>
inter*r**ation o* the ac*ions of **a*ilian gove*nments to reduce defores*ation in the Legal
</line>
</par><par>
<line>
Amazon from 2000 *o 2020. For that, we conducted * literature review
</line>
<line>
on deforestat*on and
</line>
</par><par>
<line>
*sed relevant seconda*y data. The *esu*ts sho* t*at Br*zil did not
</line>
<line>
have a plan t* *ont*ol
</line>
</par><par>
<line>
defores*ation until
</line>
<line>
2*04. After that the
</line>
<line>
government starts to **ntrol deforestat*on efficiently
</line>
</par><par>
<line>
unti* 2011. F*om that year onwar*s, efficient policies are aban*oned, an* sev*ral
</line>
<line>
environmental set*acks ar* imposed. Th* final part *f thi* stud* propo*es new approaches for
</line>
<line>
t*e continuity and im*ro*ement of effo*ts to combat defores*ation in the *egal Amazon.
</line>
<line>
Ke*words: Amazon. D*forestation. Globa* *arming. Paris *greement.
</line>
<line>
RES*MO
</line>
<line>
Os debates ambient*i* em tod* o *undo avançaram como r*sposta à n*cessidade de cont*r o
</line>
</par><par>
<line>
a*u**imento global. E* 2015 f*i estabel*cido
</line>
<line>
o A*ordo de Paris, no qual os *aí*e*
</line>
</par><par>
<line>
est*belecera* metas ambientai*
</line>
<line>
pa*a
</line>
<line>
202*
</line>
<line>
e 2030. O Bras*l
</line>
<line>
é *igna*ário
</line>
<line>
do A*or*o e
</line>
</par><par>
<line>
identifica o **smatame**o na Floresta
</line>
<line>
A*a*ônica como *eu p*in**pal problema amb*e*tal.
</line>
</par><par>
<line>
Este estudo propõe
</line>
<line>
um* interpreta*ão das ações d*s govern*s brasilei*os *ara *eduzi* o
</line>
</par><par>
<line>
desmatamen*o na Am*zônia Legal de
</line>
<line>
2000 * 2020. *ar* iss*, realizamos *ma revi*ão da
</line>
</par><par>
<line>
*i*eratura sob*e * de*m*tame*to e utili*amos
</line>
<line>
dado* secund*rios rele*antes. Os
</line>
<line>
resultados
</line>
</par><par>
<line>
mo*tram que o B*asil
</line>
<line>
não *inha um plano
</line>
<line>
para cont**lar o
</line>
<line>
desmat*mento at* 2004. Depois
</line>
</par><par>
<line>
disso, o governo passa a c*ntrolar o d*smata**nt* de forma efici*nte até ***1. A par*ir desse
</line>
<line>
*no, políticas efic*ente* s*o aband*n*da* e vá*ios r*t*ocessos ambientais são imposto*. A
</line>
</par><par>
<line>
parte final d**te estudo propõe
</line>
<line>
*ovas aborda*ens *ara a c**t*nuidade e a*rimorame*to dos
</line>
</par><par>
<line>
esforços *e c*mbate ao desmatamento na A*azô*ia Lega*.
</line>
<line>
Palavras-ch*ve: Amazôni*. *esmata*ento. Aqu*cimen*o Global. Acordo de Paris.
</line>
</par><par>
</page><line>
Rev. FSA, *eresi** PI, v. 20, n. 12, ar*. 7, p. 138-*6*, **z. *0*3
</line>
<line>
www*.f*anet.c*m.br/revista
</line>
</par><page>
<par>
<line>
*. Gou*ei* *etto, J. G. Sil*a, R. B. Almeida
</line>
<line>
140
</line>
</par><par>
<line>
1 INTRODUCTION
</line>
</par><par>
<line>
*nv*ro*mental discussions have exp*nded intern*tionally since the St*c*ho*m
</line>
<line>
Co*ference he*d i* 197* i* *weden. Nations *e*k to stabilize the gl*bal climate system a*d
</line>
</par><par>
<line>
c*n*ain the *ncr*ase in
</line>
<line>
glo**l t*m*erature, wh*c* is
</line>
<line>
caused by green*ous*
</line>
<line>
*** (*HG)
</line>
</par><par>
<line>
emis*ions (Rei et al., 2017). This *ecomes clearer when one considers the **ree pillar* *f *he
</line>
<line>
Inte*nationa* Cl*mat* R**ime: th* U*ited Na**ons Framew*rk Convention on Clim*te Change
</line>
<line>
(U**CC*), t*e Ky*to Protocol, and th* Paris Agr*emen*.
</line>
</par><par>
<line>
The emergen** of the UNFCC*,
</line>
<line>
in 1992, mean* a breakthr*ugh *n c*i*at* and
</line>
</par><par>
<line>
environmen**l *egotiations a* t** intern*tion*l
</line>
<line>
le*el. Thes*
</line>
<line>
nego**a*ions have
</line>
<line>
b**n held
</line>
</par><par>
<line>
**nually in meetings c*lled Co*fe*ences of t*e Parties (COP). In *hese inter*ational for*m*,
</line>
</par><par>
<line>
co*ntr*es joint*y ass*ss alternati**s ** mitiga*e climate change a*d
</line>
<line>
the b*st a*tions to be
</line>
</par><par>
<line>
*mplem*n*ed **
</line>
<line>
ensu*e
</line>
<line>
adaptation to these *han*es. In this cont*x*,
</line>
<line>
the *onfe**nce held in
</line>
</par><par>
<line>
*yoto, J**an, in **97, stood *u*, re*u*ting in a Protocol th*ough which indus**i*lize*
</line>
<line>
co*ntr*es *ommitted to *ed*ci*g thei* lev*** of GHG em*ssions (Vio*a, 20*2).
</line>
<line>
The conference held in Paris in 2015 is also wo*th me*tioning. This conference
</line>
</par><par>
<line>
res*lted in a broader comm*tment
</line>
<line>
between countr*es, the Pa*is Agreement. The p*rt**s
</line>
</par><par>
<line>
invol*e* in thi* agreem*nt commi*te* t* m*inta*n the ave*age *l*bal t*mperature withi* 2ºC
</line>
</par><par>
</par>
<par>
</par>
<par>
<line>
re*ponse to the threat of climate ch*nge **d *einforce the ca*a*ity of cou**ries to deal with *ts
</line>
<line>
resultin* impacts (Rei et a*., *017).
</line>
<line>
To r*ac* t*e new *greeme*t, a*l *ountri*s that committed t* reduci** their G**
</line>
<line>
emis*ions had ab*u* two year* to present *heir Inte*de* National*y Determ*ned C*n*r*butions
</line>
</par><par>
<line>
(*NDCs) (Souza & *oraz*a, 2017). Then, these
</line>
<line>
turned from i*tended
</line>
<line>
cont*ib*tio*s to
</line>
</par><par>
<line>
*ationall* Deter*ined *ontributions (NDCs). Furthermore, ND*s *ecame
</line>
<line>
part of *he legal
</line>
</par><par>
<line>
framewo*k of se**ral c*untries. This is *he c*se of B**zil, where this for*ali*ation t**k place
</line>
<line>
thro*gh Decree N*. 9073, of July 5, 2*1* (Brasil, 2017).
</line>
<line>
*s a r*s**t, Brazil *as committed to re*uce its GHG *miss*on* to a *evel 37% below
</line>
</par><par>
<line>
*005 **vel*
</line>
<line>
by 2025. The coun*ry also *stab*ished * s**sequent indicative contribution to
</line>
</par><par>
<line>
reduc*
</line>
<line>
greenhou*e gas emi*sion*
</line>
<line>
to a level
</line>
<line>
*3% *elo* 2025
</line>
<line>
leve*s by 203*. Re*ardi**
</line>
</par><par>
<line>
def*restation t*rget*, th* *ountr* h*s committ*d
</line>
<line>
t* end illegal deforestation in the Amazon
</line>
</par><par>
</page><line>
and t* *e*tore 12 mi*l*on de*orested hectares i* that territo*y by 2*3* (Bra**l, *016).
</line>
<line>
However, the **st *roblemat** c*te*o*ies for t*e Br*z*lia* emis*ion redu*tion
</line>
<line>
t*rgets are those conce*ning changes i* land use *nd forests an* agricult*ral acti*ity. Dat*
</line>
<line>
*ev. FSA, Teresina, *. 20, n. *2, art. 7, p. 138-*64, dez. 2023 www4.f*anet.com.br/r*vista
</line>
</par><page>
<par>
<line>
**blic Policies and Politics: The Brazilian Dilemma to Re**ce De*ore*tat*on
</line>
<line>
141
</line>
</par><par>
<line>
from 2020 show that the*e acti*ities correspond, respectively, to 4*% and *7% o* tot*l gr*ss
</line>
</par><par>
<line>
emiss*ons in Brazil (SEE*, *021). D***restat*on is major pr**le* for Brazil b*cause it is a
</line>
<line>
*he main activit* of the most emit*ing sector, *t the *ame time that i* has a stro*g re*ationship
</line>
<line>
w*th agricul*ural expansion.
</line>
<line>
*his emis*ion *rofile is thus one of *he main *nv**on*ental p*ob*ems in Brazil,
</line>
<line>
*ire*tly correlating wi** the high rates of def*re*tation in the country. Th* conve*sion of
</line>
<line>
n*ti*e vegetation a*ea* to other uses is a complex phenom*non th*t po*e* seve**l chal*e*ge*
</line>
<line>
to the Brazi**an government. Among t*es* challenges is compli*n*e with the emission
</line>
</par><par>
<line>
re**c*i*n targets **reed
</line>
<line>
u*on by the count*y i* interna*ional foru*s. The *aris Agreement,
</line>
</par><par>
<line>
for example, projects significant redu*ti*ns in *otal e*i*sions fo* Br*zil, with the close*t
</line>
<line>
targe* *eing a reduction *o * level *7% below 2005 l*vels by 202* (Brasi*, 2017).
</line>
<line>
Thu*, damage to the fore*t do*s *ot *nly represe*t *n enviro*mental loss, but also a*
</line>
<line>
economic loss. This is be*au*e th* Br*zilian eco*omy has ab*ut 24.*% of its Gross Domestic
</line>
<line>
*rod*ct (GDP) coming from a*ri*usiness (C*PE*, 2023), which can be directly *ffect*d by
</line>
<line>
more restrictive environment*l policies. In a*d*ti*n, the environmen*al *ebate has *on*ributed
</line>
<line>
to con*umer **r**ts becoming more demanding *bout the sustai*ability of production
</line>
<line>
process*s. T*erefore, *n increase in deforestation may *esult i* boy*otts of **ric*ltural
</line>
<line>
p*o*ucts of *ra*ili*n origin, le*ding to *c*no*ic l*sses for the coun*ry.
</line>
<line>
In this sense, *his study analyzes defore*t*tio* in the B*azi*ian L*gal Amaz*n
</line>
</par><par>
<line>
betwee* 2*00 and
</line>
<line>
2020. More specifically, it *ss*s*es
</line>
<line>
g*vernment actio*s that have
</line>
</par><par>
<line>
co*tr*b*te* to r*duc**g d*forestat*on i*
</line>
<line>
this region. Furthe*more, it analyzes the act**ns of
</line>
</par><par>
<line>
Braz*lian governme*ts t* **duce def*re*tation in the Legal *mazon f*om 2000 to 2*20.
</line>
</par><par>
<line>
B*azi* st*nds out *n thi* context because i*
</line>
<line>
is a forestry countr*, with ar*und 50*
</line>
</par><par>
<line>
m i l l i on
</line>
<line>
hectares of n*tural
</line>
<line>
and
</line>
<line>
planted forest. Thi* number co*responds to about *9%
</line>
<line>
of its
</line>
</par><par>
<line>
terri*ory. *he A*azo* Forest, the **rgest
</line>
<line>
tropica* forest in the world, corr*sponds to
</line>
<line>
a**ut
</line>
</par><par>
<line>
6*.5% of the B*azilian fo*es*
</line>
<line>
area (MA*A,
</line>
<line>
2019). T*e biodiversity of th*s forest provid*s
</line>
</par><par>
<line>
some *r**uc*s fo* huma*
</line>
<line>
*onsumption such
</line>
<line>
*s fi**, wood, and
</line>
<line>
inputs for pharmaceutical
</line>
</par><par>
<line>
c*mponents. Moreover,
</line>
<line>
*he forest ha* a regulato*y
</line>
<line>
character, s*q*estering *arbo* *nd
</line>
</par><par>
<line>
rec*c*ing wa*er (Fearndside, 1999; 2008). *h* e****stem *ervices provided b* the Ama*on
</line>
<line>
*iome are many, such a* the a*p*oximately twenty billio* to*s of wate* tr**spi*ed per day.
</line>
</par><par>
<line>
This
</line>
<line>
ecosyste* serv*c* brings to the contine*t sign*fica*t part of its *i* hu**dity, *n a
</line>
<line>
a
</line>
</par><par>
<line>
*henomenon known as "biotic moisture pu*p" (Mak*rieva & Gorshk*v, 2007). *his
</line>
</par><par>
<line>
phenomeno* *cc*unts for the
</line>
<line>
hu*idity levels oc*urring in more than three th*usan* *m
</line>
</par><par>
</page><line>
inland (Salati et al., 1979). In a*d*tio*, it reg*lates the rainfall regi*e through *lying rivers
</line>
<line>
Rev. FS*, *eresina PI, *. 20, n. 12, art. 7, p. 138-164, dez. 2023 www4.fsan*t.com.br/revista
</line>
</par><page>
<par>
<line>
G. Gouveia N*tto, J. G. Silva, R. B. Almeida
</line>
<line>
1*2
</line>
</par><par>
<line>
(Nobre, 2014), which expl*ins pa*t of the immen*e *g***ult*ral *otentia* of Brazilian lands.
</line>
<line>
In doing so, we organized this s*ud* into four sections. Sec*io* 1 introduces the issue
</line>
</par><par>
<line>
addre**ing
</line>
<line>
an i****n*tiona* a*pro*ch, contextua**zing envi*onment*l actio*s o* the
</line>
</par><par>
<line>
Internati*nal Community. Section 2 *iscus*es *he environmenta* issue fr*m *he per*pective of
</line>
<line>
econ*mic theory, referring to various empi*ical *tudi*s on de*ore*tation. Sect*on 3 begi*s t*e
</line>
<line>
discussions on def*restation from 2000 to 20*0 in **azil. Finall*, sec*ion 4 *ri*g* r*fle*t*ons
</line>
<line>
and persp*ctives for fu**her re*ear**.
</line>
<line>
2 THEORETIC*L FRAMEWO*K
</line>
<line>
2.1 An economy a*proach *o the e*vironment
</line>
<line>
The study by Pigo* (1**0) is a fore*unner *f the env*ronm*n*al approach to
</line>
</par><par>
<line>
economics. In t*is ***dy, Pigou identified *hat he called market *a*lures. Th*se
</line>
<line>
mark*t
</line>
</par><par>
<line>
fail*r** co*sist of p*ssible *enefits or ha*m cau*** to thir* parties by a decisi*n maker w*en
</line>
<line>
carrying out *n unde*t**ing. That is, when d*cidin* t* exploit a certa*n resou*ce or carr* out a
</line>
<line>
work, for exam*le, an economic agent can hav* a positive or negative effe*t on the society *n
</line>
</par><par>
<line>
which *t opera*es. T*ese effects we*e cal*e* "externa*ities", and
</line>
<line>
can generat* a *ocial c*st
</line>
</par><par>
<line>
wh*n t*e
</line>
<line>
externality is *egative or a social
</line>
<line>
*enefi* when it i* po*itive. Market failures *ere
</line>
</par><par>
<line>
thus *onsi*e*ed - as fai*ures - b*cau*e the market was incapa*l* of *ewarding *r pun*shing *he
</line>
<line>
responsible for these *xt*rnalities.
</line>
<line>
T*e *tudy *y Pigou *av* ris* to what became know* as the "Pigouvian T*x" or "Pigou
</line>
<line>
Tax". T*is tax is applied *y the State to t*e *gent responsib*e for a negat*ve e*ternality. *he
</line>
<line>
th**is behind this tax is that *f the State *mpose* * cost *n the economic *ctivity that g*nerates
</line>
<line>
negative externalities, *he agent genera*ing this externality must recalculate its op**mal
</line>
</par><par>
<line>
**oduction considering *he **w tax. *his would reduce the level of activity that
</line>
<line>
generates
</line>
</par><par>
<line>
externalitie*, le*d*ng t* new equilibri*m *
</line>
<line>
point. In t*is n*w equilibrium point Pareto -
</line>
</par><par>
<line>
optim*l point -, society and the causer *f the e*t*r*ality are a* a l*wer level of extern*lities,
</line>
<line>
resu**ing in gr*a*er social w*lfar* (*annan, 1921).
</line>
<line>
Samuelso* (1*54) also contributed to th* deb*te by defining concepts ab*ut th*
</line>
<line>
proper*y right* of goods in the economy. These concepts are described in terms of exclu*ivity
</line>
<line>
and rivalry i* their c*ns*mptio*. A **bl*c go*d is a good that contains the chara*teri*tics of
</line>
</par><par>
<line>
non-*xcl*si*i*y and nonrivalry, which means *hat *
</line>
<line>
p*bl*c goo* *s a *ood whose soc*ety
</line>
</par><par>
<line>
c**not be
</line>
<line>
p*evented *ro* acces*ing. Non-exclusivity in*i**tes that the use o* tha* good
</line>
</par><par>
</page><line>
canno* be prevented by an indivi*ua* or *xclusive consumption *ight. In tu*n, nonrival*y
</line>
<line>
Rev. FSA, Teresina, v. 20, n. 12, art. 7, p. *38-16*, dez. 20*3 ww*4.fsanet.com.b*/*evista
</line>
</par><page>
<par>
<line>
P*bli* Policies and P*litics: The Braz*lian Dilemma *o Reduc* Defores**tion
</line>
<line>
143
</line>
</par><par>
<line>
i*dicates that the use *f tha* go*d *anno* be *revented by a disp*te with **othe* indivi**al,
</line>
<line>
which would e*id*nce * sc*rcit* of t*at g*od. A publi* goo* is a good that t*e wh*le society
</line>
</par><par>
<line>
sho*ld *e able to consum*, as it has n* restriction *n *xclusivity an*
</line>
<line>
does not suffer fro*
</line>
</par><par>
<line>
scarc*ty in the market. *ome good examples ar*
</line>
<line>
*ublic p*rks,
</line>
<line>
n**ional secu*ity, s*ate
</line>
</par><par>
<line>
*ducat*on, etc.
</line>
</par><par>
<line>
A pri*ate *ood, *n the other hand, has t*e *har*cte**stic* of *xcl*sivity and *iva*ry.
</line>
</par><par>
<line>
Thi* *eans t*at an agent c*n limi* thir*-p**ty access to that
</line>
<line>
***d. Exc*usivity d**otes
</line>
</par><par>
<line>
exclu*ive use of a good thr*ugh th* ri*h* of owne*s**p, which is
</line>
<line>
*uarantee* by the
</line>
<line>
Stat*.
</line>
</par><par>
<line>
Rivalry means that this good *an be d*sputed be**een in*iv*duals in a society (i* a mar*et, fo*
</line>
<line>
example). In ot*er *ords, a private goo* is any good that ma* *ave its consumptio* limited
</line>
</par><par>
<line>
*y an in*ividual t*rough ownershi* rights and mark** competition. A*l
</line>
<line>
dur*b** and
</line>
</par><par>
<line>
*o*d**abl* goo** *hat can be purcha*ed in a market and any mea** of
</line>
<line>
production w*ose
</line>
</par><par>
<line>
ownershi* is guaran*eed by t*e State are e*amples of private goods (S*muelson, 1954). **
</line>
<line>
is
</line>
</par><par>
<line>
also
</line>
<line>
important to hi*hlight the study develop*d by **ase (196*)
</line>
<line>
on Pigou\s externali*ies.
</line>
</par><par>
<line>
Already influenced *y property and s*ate *ction i*sues, Coase prop*s** an alternat*ve to the
</line>
<line>
Pigouvian Ta*. For him, the State should not charge a tax that disc*u*ages the produc*ion of a
</line>
<line>
good t**t *au*es a n**ative externality, bu* ra*her provide agents with th* tool* to understa*d
</line>
</par><par>
<line>
the pr*d*ction of externalities. This p*op*sal, which emp*as*z*s the impo*tance
</line>
<line>
of a cle**
</line>
</par><par>
<line>
distr**u*ion of proper*y rights, became known as t*e "*oas* theor**" (Coase, 1960).
</line>
<line>
These alternatives *rop*sed by *igou *nd Coa** a*e important for the study of
</line>
</par><par>
<line>
relations*i*s with the
</line>
<line>
*nviro*m*nt. The st*d* by Pigou i*
</line>
<line>
one of the fi*st to cons*der the
</line>
</par><par>
<line>
ne*ative effects that
</line>
<line>
ca* be g****ated by e*onomic activ*ty. T*e a*thor finds in the
</line>
</par><par>
<line>
appl*catio* *f a tax a way to bring balance
</line>
<line>
t* society. In
</line>
<line>
turn, the inter**etatio* of
</line>
<line>
Coas*
</line>
</par><par>
<line>
(*9*0) *s that one
</line>
<line>
age*t should *ot be p*e*en*e* from cau**ng harm to anoth*r, a*
</line>
<line>
t hi s
</line>
</par><par>
<line>
imp*diment would in itself harm o*e of *he age*t*. Fo* him, the solution *e*ween the ag*nts
</line>
<line>
can be rea**ed by de*ining wh* ** authorized t* c**se h**m to *thers, and the sol*ti*n occurs
</line>
<line>
by p*eventing the g*eater of the two possible h**ms in th*t *itu*ti*n.
</line>
<line>
It is possible to find Pigou*ian characteristics in situati*n* such as th* applicati*n of
</line>
</par><par>
<line>
fines to
</line>
<line>
ag*nts who comm** illegal defore*tation. This fine *s a *enal*y in the form of an
</line>
</par><par>
<line>
economic san*t*on that serves to control the deforest*tion a*tivity of the a*e**s. On the other
</line>
<line>
h*nd, *ne can **p*rically o*serve Co*se\s approa*h in und**ine* l*nd tenure sit*ati*ns *n the
</line>
</par><par>
<line>
Amazon Forest. **e places with
</line>
<line>
the m*st conflicts
</line>
<line>
ove* land ownersh*p conce*tr*te
</line>
<line>
t he
</line>
</par><par>
</page><line>
great*st de*orestation acti*it*es. Weakly defined property r*ghts in *he Legal Amazon generate
</line>
<line>
land disputes betwe*n d*ff*rent agents living in that region. Empirica* studies th*t prove **ese
</line>
<line>
Rev. FSA, Teresina PI, v. 20, *. 12, *rt. 7, p. 138-164, de*. 2*23 ww*4.f*anet.com.b*/revist*
</line>
</par><page>
<par>
<line>
G. Gouveia Net*o, *. G. Silva, R. B. **meid*
</line>
<line>
144
</line>
</par><par>
<line>
relati*nships in t*e *razil*an t*rritory and that *efine the c*aracterist*cs o*
</line>
<line>
illegal
</line>
</par><par>
<line>
deforestation in the country wi*l be *iscussed below.
</line>
</par><par>
<line>
2.2 The empirical approach to *eforesta*i*n in Braz*l
</line>
</par><par>
<line>
*hanges i* land use and f*rests
</line>
<line>
esse**ially in*o*ve de*orestation, t*at is,
</line>
<line>
t he
</line>
</par><par>
<line>
conv*rsion of * "forest"
</line>
<line>
area to a "nonforest" a*ea. In Brazil, the
</line>
<line>
pr*jec* Mo*itoring
</line>
<line>
th e
</line>
</par><par>
<line>
Defores*ation o* th* Br*zi*ian Amazonian Forest by Sate*l*te (*RODES) of *he National
</line>
<line>
Institute *or S*ace *e*earch (INPE) de*in*s the con*ept of g**ss defor*s*ation as the *utting
</line>
<line>
of primary for**t. This type o* forest is also *alled *irg*n, primitive, native, or anci*n* fores*
</line>
</par><par>
<line>
(Fea*nside, 2017). In t*is c*se, secondary *orest* *re n*t
</line>
<line>
***lude*, tha* i*, thos* that were
</line>
</par><par>
<line>
reculti*ated a*ter suffering a major disturbance by fire, cu*ting, *r e*en wind.
</line>
<line>
Another *mporta*t disti*cti*n i* that of net deforest*tion. T*e Food and Agriculture
</line>
<line>
Organization (FA*) of the United Nations provides *ata b**ed on the net deforestation met*ic
</line>
</par><par>
<line>
through the Global Forest Resource Assessment (F*A), which report* data
</line>
<line>
o* glo*al
</line>
</par><par>
<line>
de**re*tat**n. Net def*restatio* consists of the
</line>
<line>
difference in the forest area of given pla*e a
</line>
</par><par>
<line>
between tw* *omen*s in time. It con*iders both the loss in the form of d*fores**tion and th*
</line>
<line>
reco*ery of **e are* through regenerat*on or refores*ation (Brown & Zarin, 2013).
</line>
<line>
The mai* **udies on the **azon Forest report that de*o*estat*on in the *re* occurs
</line>
</par><par>
<line>
from the investm*nt decision perspective. The mode* that
</line>
<line>
best *escr**es the Brazilia* Legal
</line>
</par><par>
<line>
Amazon is that of
</line>
<line>
an open, sm*ll, and free-*ccess economy. This *pproach
</line>
<line>
assume* th**
</line>
</par><par>
<line>
prices are exo*enous, population is e*dogen*usly *eterm*ned, production is sold i* m*rkets,
</line>
</par><par>
<line>
and property ri*hts are not defined, encouragi*g d*forestatio* to acqu*re ownership of
</line>
<line>
th e
</line>
</par><par>
<line>
a*ea. **om this pe*sp*ctive, one c*n divi*e the variables into three *y*es: *arket *on*itions,
</line>
<line>
poli*ical influence, an* *nit*a* condition* (Fer*eira & Coelho, *015; Silva, 2009).
</line>
</par><par>
<line>
Regard*ng t*e variables o* the fi*s* type,
</line>
<line>
market conditio*s, th* price of agricultural
</line>
</par><par>
<line>
produc*s sta*ds *ut. These, *s previousl* mentioned, are *xo*eno*s, being rep*es*n*ed
</line>
<line>
by
</line>
</par><par>
<line>
*ommodity prices in the inter*at*ona* mark*t. *he high*r the prices *f these co*moditie*, t*e
</line>
<line>
more the i**entives for fa*mers and ranchers t* expand the*r la**, explaining the increase *n
</line>
<line>
defore**ation. The *a*n c*mmodit*e* dis*ussed in these s*udies on the Amazon are soybean
</line>
<line>
and cat*le, w*th cattle being the mai* **cto* and s*ybean a seconda*y *ac*or. This is due to the
</line>
</par><par>
<line>
logic of land
</line>
<line>
appropriati*n, *hich will be explained belo*. While cattl* rais*ng s*imulates
</line>
</par><par>
</page><line>
deforestation *n the L*gal A*azon, soy*ean cr*ps advance *ver **eas p*evious*y *cc*p*ed by
</line>
<line>
R*v. FSA, *eres*na, v. 20, n. 12, art. 7, p. 138-164, **z. 2023 *w*4.fsanet.com.b*/revista
</line>
</par><page>
<par>
<line>
*ublic Polic*es and Poli*ics: The Brazilian Dilemma *o Reduc* Def*restati*n
</line>
<line>
145
</line>
</par><par>
<line>
p*st*re for cat*le raising. This *elationship is perha*s the *ost stu*ied, thus being w*dely
</line>
<line>
reported in studies *uch as t**se by *rim* et al. (2007), Famino* (*998), Ferreira and Coelho
</line>
<line>
(2015), Ma*gulis, (*0*4), Mattos and Uhl (1994), Mer**ns et al. (2002), a*d Silva (2009).
</line>
<line>
Within the second type of varia*les is poli**cal influence, *hi** can manifest its*lf
</line>
<line>
through ins*i*ut*on** ch*nges *nd c*edi* polici*s. In t**ms of inst*t*ti*nal variables, *t i* wor*h
</line>
</par><par>
<line>
mentioning *he level of inspection, wh*ch can be hig*er or l*wer; environ*e*tal
</line>
<line>
pro*ection
</line>
</par><par>
<line>
policies, w*i*h may or may not exist; *n*
</line>
<line>
legisl*tion on la*d tenure, w*ich c** be w*ll *r
</line>
</par><par>
<line>
po*r** defined. Furtherm*re, literature rep*rts often men*ion lan* disputes, a* *and tenure is
</line>
<line>
not well defi*ed in *he Le*al Ama*on. Ar*újo et al. (2009) highl*g*ts that the po** definitio*
</line>
</par><par>
<line>
of *and tenure fa*ili*a*es p**vate u*e of public lands. If the land is ex*lored for one
</line>
<line>
*ear, th*
</line>
</par><par>
<line>
r*g*t to use it is gra*ted, **d a*ter five years it is possible to o*tain a title deed. *his tenure
</line>
<line>
logi*, *ermit*ed by law, add*d t* a large extens*on of *onallo*ated public land* an* the social
</line>
<line>
ine*uali**es i* the coun*ry, encour*ges t** rep*oduction of con*licts between **ndless peo*le,
</line>
</par><par>
<line>
farmers who seek to increas* their *la*ting *rea, land
</line>
<line>
sp*cul*tors,
</line>
<line>
and ind*genous peop*es
</line>
</par><par>
<line>
with or without *emarcat*d terr*to**. In this regard, Sa*t\a**a and *oung (2010) iden**fied
</line>
<line>
the posi*ive relationship bet*een la*d confli*ts and defor*station i* the Amazo* region, usin*
</line>
<line>
the h*mi*ide r*te as a v*ria**e.
</line>
<line>
Wh*l* la*dless peo*le f*nd support in *he law to take unproductive land, specula*ors
</line>
<line>
w*o own it find in deforestation * way ** *ake use of tha* land. In general, the exploitation of
</line>
<line>
new areas begins with li*estock acti*ity, w*ich h*s * sh*rt-term return. *hen the own*rs sel*
</line>
<line>
*he lan* to far*ers w*o plant soybeans and other *rain*. Land dis**tes in Brazil thus hav* as
</line>
<line>
th*ir main fac*or *he lack of clear regul*tions on land *eli*itat*on and ownership, e*p*cially
</line>
<line>
in the case of U*ion l*nds and Indi*enous Territ**ies. Speculation, land grab**ng, l*gislation,
</line>
<line>
*nd c*nflicts *ver land ar* thus closely l*n*ed (Araú*o e* al., 2009; Fearns*de, 2*17; *p*ro*ek
</line>
<line>
et al., 201*).
</line>
<line>
Other fac*or* rel*ted to *an* c*nflicts are the expansion of the agri*ul**ral *r*ntier and
</line>
<line>
popula*ion densi*y. The ag*icultural frontier is the advance of agricu*tural activities o* the
</line>
<line>
environment. I* Brazil thi* f*ont*e* has already bee* *n th* At*ant*c Forest and i* the *errado.
</line>
<line>
**rrentl*, *t *s in the Amazon Forest, in what researchers call the ar* *f deforest*tion. *he
</line>
</par><par>
<line>
need *or agricultur*l expansi*n c*rre**tes with *he incre**e in
</line>
<line>
land prices as the region *s
</line>
</par><par>
<line>
occupied. This in*rease causes the nee* for *g*nts to lo*k for new lands so that these ca* *e
</line>
</par><par>
<line>
*old. Th*s exp**sion
</line>
<line>
can o*ly be *arried out with ***es* to a new *re*, which *ust
</line>
<line>
occur
</line>
</par><par>
<line>
thro*gh th*
</line>
<line>
*onstruc*ion of a
</line>
<line>
road. Th*ref**e, co*s*ruc*ion of roads is a key factor for
</line>
</par><par>
</page><line>
Rev. *SA, T*re*in* PI, v. 20, n. **, a**. 7, *. 138-164, dez. 2023
</line>
<line>
w*w4.fsanet.com.br/r*v***a
</line>
</par><page>
<par>
<line>
*. G*uveia N*tto, J. G. S*lva, R. B. Almeida
</line>
<line>
146
</line>
</par><par>
<line>
e*couraging de*or*station (Kirby et al., 2006; Lauranc* et al., 2001; Pfaff, 1999; *faff et al.,
</line>
<line>
2007; S*a*es-*ilho et al., 200*).
</line>
<line>
The construction *f a road repr*sents *ccess to p**viously unacc*s*ed ar*as, w*ich in
</line>
<line>
turn **t*vates immig*ation. This *ncr*a*es *opulatio* *ensity *nd reduc*s t*e transporta*ion
</line>
<line>
cost* of a*ric*ltural p*oducts grown in that loca*ion. The con*truction als* ad*s value *o the
</line>
<line>
land, acti*ating *reate* in*er*st fro* specula**rs who ca* deforest. In *ddition, it fosters the
</line>
</par><par>
<line>
n*ed *or
</line>
<line>
other *nfras*ructu*e wo*ks, which a*so t*igger defo*est*tion (*e*rns*d*, *01*). The
</line>
</par><par>
<line>
l*t**atu*e highlig**s o*her causes that are a*s* importa** for ex*laini** deforestation in Br*zil.
</line>
</par><par>
<line>
These i*clude mini*g activity, mone* lau**ering, tax incentives, obtaining fir*wo**,
</line>
<line>
and
</line>
</par><par>
<line>
population *rowth (*earnsid*, 2017).
</line>
</par><par>
<line>
From se*tion 2 onwards, the paper d**c*sses defo*estation wit* an emphasis on *he
</line>
<line>
Ama*on territory. Sectio* 3 highl*g*ts t*e variables discussed i* thi* sect*on accor*ing t*
</line>
<line>
rel*vant *vents for the per*od. The period f*om 20*0 to 2020 is of *r*at i*portance, esp*ci*lly
</line>
<line>
for the grou* of var**b**s related to market *onditions and pol*tica* infl*ence. Thus, the study
</line>
<line>
wil* high*ight the influence of s*ybean prices on t*e *nternatio*al m*rket, p*ans *o contro* and
</line>
<line>
monit*r deforestation a*tivity, property rights, *nd ac*ess to credit.
</line>
<line>
3 RE*ULTS AND DISCUSSION*
</line>
<line>
3.1 Market pr*c*s as dri*ers o* defores*ation (*000-2004)
</line>
<line>
Whil* Brazil *as the co*ntry that most def*rest*d in th* decades of 1990 a*d 2000
</line>
</par><par>
<line>
(FAO,
</line>
<line>
2010), **e following years
</line>
<line>
*ccounted for a signifi*ant r*duc*ion in this activity.
</line>
</par><par>
<line>
Deforestation in the Legal Amazon has three d*stinct *oments i* r*lation to market variab*es
</line>
</par><par>
<line>
*nd poli*ical in*luenc* f*r the
</line>
<line>
pe**od from 2000 t* 2020. Figu*e *hows the *umbers 1 in
</line>
</par><par>
<line>
def*rested area for this en**re *er*od.
</line>
</par><par>
</page><line>
Rev. FSA, Tere**na, v. 20, n. 12, art. 7, *. 138-164, *ez. 2*23
</line>
<line>
www4.*sanet.com.br/revista
</line>
</par><page>
<par>
<line>
Publ*c Po*icie* a*d Pol*t*cs: *he Brazilian Di*emma to Reduce Deforesta**on
</line>
<line>
*47
</line>
</par><par>
<line>
Figure * - Defor*sta*ion in the Amaz*n Fore*t from 2*00 t* 2020, *n
</line>
<line>
.
</line>
</par><par>
<line>
Source: INP*, 20*2.
</line>
<line>
The begi*ni*g of the 2*00s was m*rked b* an i*crease in de*ore*ted a*e* in the first
</line>
<line>
four years, with 200* being the most expres*ive *ear. Scholars a*alyze this rapid increase *n
</line>
<line>
d*forested area with an *mphasis on market f*ctors such as the p*i*e of soybeans *nd *he
</line>
<line>
price of be*f. R*searchers re*e* to *he b*g**ni*g of the *000s *s the "Commodity Boom"
</line>
<line>
period, wh*ch *s marked b* hi*h prices of agricul***a* *nd mi*e*al raw m*te*ials d*e to t*e
</line>
</par><par>
<line>
expansion o* *me*gi**
</line>
<line>
ec*nomies such a* Chin*
</line>
<line>
(Ba*bosa, 2*20). In other words, the *igh
</line>
</par><par>
<line>
degra*ation of Brazi*ian forests was dr*ven by an *nte*nat*onal economic scenario favorable to
</line>
<line>
a*ricultural activity. Due to the s*cial *y*amics of Bra*il, this *ctivi*y fin*s in defore**ation a
</line>
<line>
way to expand i*s area of influ*nce and e*onomic production.
</line>
</par><par>
</page><line>
*ev. FSA, Teresina PI, v. 20, n. 12, art. *, p. 138-164, *e*. 2*23
</line>
<line>
www4.fsa*et.c*m.br/r*vista
</line>
</par><page>
<par>
<line>
G. Gouv*ia Netto, J. *. S*lva, R. B. Almeida
</line>
<line>
148
</line>
</par><par>
<line>
*igure 1 - Varia*ion in *oybean prices a*d defo*es*a*io*
</line>
</par><par>
<line>
Sou**e: **rld Bank, 2021.
</line>
<line>
Fr*m 2000 to 2004, th* price o* soybean *o** by around 66% on the intern*tional
</line>
<line>
market, while def*resta*io* in the Amazon Rainforest increased by around 52%. Despite t*i*,
</line>
</par><par>
<line>
i f t he
</line>
<line>
int*rna*ion*l mark*t *em*nstrat*s favorable conditions *or i*crea**ng defores*atio* to
</line>
</par><par>
<line>
i*cre*se pasture or p*antation areas, gov*r*ment instruments must repr*sent a count*rbalanc*
</line>
<line>
t* *his pr*ctic*, reducing the retur* of th**e agents ** *ncreasing t*e ri*k of this act*vity. This
</line>
<line>
fact beco*es clearer from 2006 onwa*ds, when soybean pri*e* started to show a trend of
</line>
<line>
*ncrease withou* defo*est*tion fo*lowing this tre*d.
</line>
<line>
Brazil had undergone an a**n*m*n* to the Fores* Code *** a Pro*isional *easure
</line>
</par><par>
<line>
*ade by *he go*ernm*n*
</line>
<line>
of F*rna*do Henrique Cardoso in 2001. This me**ure proposed an
</line>
</par><par>
<line>
increase **om 50% to
</line>
<line>
80% in Legal Reserve
</line>
<line>
areas on properties within the L*g*l Am*zon
</line>
</par><par>
<line>
(Brasil, 2001). This fact is im*ortant beca*se it *s a pro*ec**ve meas*re, which *hou*d re*lect
</line>
<line>
the co*tr*l of deforesta**on in the region. *n practice, however, deforestati*n accompa*ies the
</line>
<line>
rise in commodi*y pri*e*.
</line>
<line>
**re effective actio*s to comb*t defore*tation wo*ld *nly take *lace *rom 2004
</line>
</par><par>
<line>
onward* with the progress of
</line>
<line>
env*ronme*tal deb*te* un*er the *over*ment o* Luiz Inácio.
</line>
</par><par>
<line>
Unti* that year t*e*e was no technologi**l model for identifying deforestati** act*vity, makin*
</line>
</par><par>
<line>
in**ection and pu*ishmen* *ifficult. From the perspec*i** of the exp*anatory
</line>
<line>
v*riables
</line>
</par><par>
<line>
el*b*rated
</line>
<line>
here and based on the literature *n the period, it is possibl* to st*te that t***
</line>
</par><par>
</page><line>
Rev. F*A, Teresina, v. 20, n. 12, art. 7, p. 138-1*4, dez. 2*23
</line>
<line>
www4.fsanet.com.br/revista
</line>
</par><page>
<par>
<line>
Public *olicies and Politics: *he Brazi**an Dilemma to Reduce *eforestat*on
</line>
<line>
*49
</line>
</par><par>
<line>
increase in deforested area is main*y **e to the g*eat inc*n**ve p*omoted by m*rket *rices and
</line>
<line>
the low repression *f defore*ta**on *ctivi*y (Castelo et al., 2018; Ferreira & *oelho, 2015).
</line>
<line>
*.* Th* start of * deforestatio* contr*l p*an (2004-20*1)
</line>
<line>
* change in *n*t*tutional p*actices became clear i* *he f*llowing years, especial*y
</line>
<line>
f*om 2004 to 2**8. *his **r*od is *har*cteri*e* by a strong advance in t*e containm*nt o* t*e
</line>
</par><par>
<line>
practic* of de*orestation. *ccording *o Silva (2009), *ha* is achieved through the use *f
</line>
</par><par>
<line>
variab**s of political *n*luence as resources. If *n the fir** four years
</line>
<line>
of th* 2000s market
</line>
</par><par>
<line>
conditions were favo*able and g*vernm**t action *n the fi*ht ag*i**t deforestation *as ti*id.
</line>
<line>
I* is f*om 2004 onwa*d* t*at a major change in *his lo**c *akes place, with institutional
</line>
<line>
variables linked to *eforestat*on b*ginning to cont*i* thi* *ct*v*ty. The*e include inspection,
</line>
<line>
envi*onmental protection policies, *redit *olicies, a*d **g*sl*t*o* on land tenure.
</line>
<line>
Among the **st s*gnifi*ant feat*res of the p*riod is *he 200* Plan for the Pr*vention
</line>
<line>
and Control of De*orestat*on in t*e Legal Amazon (PPC*Am). This Plan w*s esta*l*shed
</line>
<line>
f*om a ***manent Interm*nisterial W*rking Grou*, denoting an interdi*ciplina*y approa*h in
</line>
</par><par>
<line>
the elaborati*n of its guidelines and a*tio*s. Its authors *ecog*ize that t*e i*cr*as* of
</line>
</par><par>
<line>
deforestation in previo*s years *as had vari*d factor*. These inclu*e the advanc* of livestock
</line>
<line>
as the pre*ominant land us*, logg*ng, wood min*ng, expansion *f mech*nize* cultivati**,
</line>
</par><par>
<line>
illeg*l
</line>
<line>
occupati*n of publ*c l**ds, open*ng of roa*s,
</line>
<line>
and the c*eation of rural **ttlements
</line>
</par><par>
<line>
(Castelo
</line>
<line>
e*
</line>
<line>
*l., 2018). The program is thus very su*cess*ul in id*ntifyin* the eco*om**
</line>
</par><par>
</par>
<par>
<line>
timber and nont*mbe* pro*uct*,
</line>
<line>
and the provision of environmental *ervices. Th**e
</line>
</par><par>
<line>
actions st*nd as o** of *he ***ndations o* a ne* model of regional d*v*lopment,
</line>
</par><par>
<line>
aiming at th* *ual*ty
</line>
<line>
of **fe of l*cal pop*l*tions, with the reduction of **cia*
</line>
</par><par>
<line>
inequalities, economic competiti**ne*s, a*d envi*onme*t*l s**tainabil*ty;
</line>
</par><par>
<line>
*ii)
</line>
<line>
T*king u*ge*t measure* f*r land *nd te*ritorial orde**ng, aiming *t
</line>
<line>
reducing *ree
</line>
</par><par>
<line>
access
</line>
<line>
*o natural res*urces f*r predatory us* an* str*ngthening instrument* for
</line>
</par><par>
</page><line>
democra**c and sustaina*** management of the t*rritory. *he focus is on p**oritizin*
</line>
<line>
t*e *i*ht agai*s* public *a*d grab*ing, l*nd tenure regular*zat**n, enab*ing alternat*ve
</line>
<line>
land reform models suited t* the Amazon, and creating *nd *onsolidating conse*vation
</line>
<line>
R**. FSA, T**esina PI, v. 20, n. *2, art. 7, p. 13*-164, *ez. 2023 *ww4.fsanet.co*.br/r*vist*
</line>
</par><page>
<par>
<line>
*. G*uveia Ne*to, J. *. Silv*, R. B. Almeida
</line>
<line>
150
</line>
</par><par>
<line>
*nits and indigenous lands;
</line>
</par><par>
</par>
<par>
<line>
Source: Brasil, 2004.
</line>
<line>
Chart 1 depicts the strategic gu*delines of the *lan based on the view th*t the fores*
</line>
<line>
needs to be econ*mic*ll* integrated *hrough more sustainable activities. This is co*sistent not
</line>
</par><par>
<line>
only with the synthesi* *f thought prov**ed b* *he *dvance*ent of internati*na*
</line>
<line>
deba**s
</line>
<line>
o*
</line>
</par><par>
<line>
forest pre*ervatio*, *ut
</line>
<line>
al*o wi*h *c*nom*c p*annin* th*t *ransf*rms the entire
</line>
<line>
production
</line>
</par><par>
<line>
proces* into sustai*able. Th* strong envi*onmental*st character of the Plan indi*at*s the
</line>
<line>
understa*din* of t*e *ma**n territ*ry *s a tool fo* correc*ing soci*l injustices *nd integ*ating
</line>
<line>
di*f*rent sectors *f society, confi*uring ** unprecede*ted cha*acter for government acti*n* i*
</line>
<line>
that te*ritory. Th* program defines it* *bj*ctive *f r*d*cing deforestat*on *hroug* * set o*
</line>
<line>
in*egrate* actions of t*rri**rial and land mana*ement, monito*ing a*d co**rol, and prom*tion
</line>
<line>
of s*s*ai*able pro*uc*i*e activ*ties.
</line>
<line>
The *inistr* of t*e Envir*nment (MMA) considers that a good pa*t of *he positiv*
</line>
<line>
resu*ts *b*ained f*o* 20*4 to 2*08 (per*od in which Phase I of the PPCDAm was in force)
</line>
<line>
were due to the ax*s *f acti*n on Land *nd Territor*al Plann*ng. This axis was responsible f**
</line>
<line>
the cre*tion of *ore than 25 ***l*on hect*res of Conse*vatio* Units and the h*mologati*n of
</line>
<line>
10 million hectar*s of Indig*n*us Lands. In Phase II, from 2*09 to 2011, t*e Mon*toring and
</line>
<line>
Control axis w*s lar*ely *es*onsible for the drop in deforestation rat*s. This wa* *ai*ly due
</line>
<line>
to the effi*iency *f the Proje*t for M*n*toring Deforestat*on in *he Legal *mazo* by S*tellite
</line>
<line>
(PRODE*) *omm*nd*d by *he Nat*onal *ns*itu*e for *pace Research (INPE). De**ee No.
</line>
<line>
6,321, of 2007, stan*s as on* of th* reasons fo* *he succe*s of *h* *onit*ring axis. *h*s **
</line>
</par><par>
<line>
becau*e it d**erm*ned *he periodic edit*on, by the M*nistry *f *he Envi*onm*nt,
</line>
<line>
of an
</line>
</par><par>
<line>
o*d*nance with t** list of mu*i*ip*lit*es identified as the main res*o*si*le *or def*restati*n in
</line>
</par><par>
<line>
*he region (Brasil, *007). In th*s way, int*grated inspe*tion *ct*ons carried out
</line>
<line>
b*
</line>
</par><par>
</page><line>
environmental ag**cie*, the police, and the army were *or* *ffec*ive, as they became more
</line>
<line>
co*sta** and strict in the m*st deforested mu*icipalities (B*zzo & Farias, *017).
</line>
<line>
Re*. FSA, Te**sina, v. 20, n. *2, art. 7, p. 138-164, d*z. 20*3 www4.fsa*et.c**.br/r**ista
</line>
</par><page>
<par>
<line>
Public Polic*es and P*lit*cs: The Br*zilia* D*lemma t* ***uce Deforesta*ion
</line>
<line>
151
</line>
</par><par>
<line>
A* of 20*8, *he gove**ment i*augurat*d another important project, the Sustaina*le
</line>
<line>
Amaz*n Pl*n (P**). C*art 2 shows the five *b*ectives of this Plan, which seem to appear as
</line>
<line>
an expansion of what the gov*rnme*t *f *uiz Iná**o *ad alrea*y d*fi*e* a* the planni*g goal
</line>
<line>
for this territory. Basic guidelines alrea*y shown *n *he PPCDAm are strengthe*ed and
</line>
</par><par>
<line>
expand*d he**, i*auguratin* a fo*est resource **nage*e*t plan that is
</line>
<line>
coh**e*t *ith t*e
</line>
</par><par>
</par>
<par>
<line>
con*rol ove* i*legal and predatory explo*tation o* na*ural *e*ources; and (iv)
</line>
<line>
th* protecti*n of
</line>
</par><par>
<line>
regional e*osys*ems;
</line>
</par><par>
<line>
b)
</line>
<line>
Promoting econ*mic activitie*
</line>
<line>
based
</line>
<line>
on the *ustain*ble use
</line>
<line>
of natura* resour*es wi*h
</line>
</par><par>
<line>
techno*og*cal i*novation, add*** value, and en*ancin* biodiv*rsity, geod*versity, and
</line>
<line>
the
</line>
</par><par>
<line>
know*edge *f loc** populati*ns to *timulate the generatio* of e*ployment *n* incom*, foo*
</line>
<line>
s*cu*ity, an* greater competi*i*eness in regional, *ation*l, and international mar*ets;
</line>
</par><par>
<line>
*)
</line>
<line>
Subsidiz*ng the *lannin*, execution, *nd mainte*ance of in*rastructure *orks in the sectors of
</line>
</par><par>
<line>
energ*, transpo*t, a*d communicat*ons, and suppor*ing
</line>
<line>
the installation of urban equipment,
</line>
</par><par>
<line>
aiming *t maximizing
</line>
<line>
socioeconom*c
</line>
<line>
benefits and minimizin*
</line>
<line>
and mitigating the negat*ve
</line>
</par><par>
</par>
<par>
</page><line>
Source: Brasil, 2008.
</line>
<line>
*bje*tives A and B co*side* the consolidation of a sustaina*le dev*lopment *ge*da
</line>
<line>
for the Legal Amazon, *n w*ich reduction of def*restation is *nly the first step. Regi*nal
</line>
<line>
eco*o*ic development is th*n guided and e*c*urag*d by sustainab*e activ**ies, w*il*
</line>
<line>
deforest*ti*n act*v*ty i* di*couraged throu*h *tr**g inspec**on. O**ectives D and E *how that
</line>
<line>
*he **staina*le dev*lopme*t agenda provides for the inclusion and broad participatio* of *ivi*
</line>
<line>
**ciety. *igure 3 indicates t*e **cide*c* o* PPCDAm (*004) *nd PAS (Br*sil, 2008) from a
</line>
<line>
temporal p*r*p*ct*ve, present*ng the behavior of def**est*t*on ra*es. It *s notew*rthy t*at from
</line>
<line>
the year of impleme*t*tion of *ach P*an, defores*ati*n st*nds *t a level belo* 50% *n th*
</line>
<line>
followin* three y*ar*. This successi*n of positive re*ults in the pe**od caused def*restation in
</line>
<line>
Brazil to decrease by about 83% between **04 and 2012.
</line>
<line>
Rev. FSA, Teresina *I, v. 20, *. 12, *rt. 7, p. 138-1*4, dez. 2023 www4.f*anet.com.br/r*vista
</line>
</par><page>
<par>
<line>
G. Gouve*a Netto, J. G. Silva, R. B. Almeida
</line>
<line>
15*
</line>
</par><par>
<line>
Figure 3 - *ncid*nce of PPCDAm and PAS
</line>
</par><par>
<line>
So*rce: INPE, 2022.
</line>
<line>
W**le two imp*rta** Plans were **unched and perfect*d, rural cred*t als* appe*red a* a
</line>
</par><par>
<line>
very import*n*
</line>
<line>
v*ria*le f*om 2008 onward*. In tha* year, the Br*zilian Centr*l Bank i*sued
</line>
</par><par>
<line>
Resolutio* No. 3.54*, *hich limited the
</line>
<line>
granting ** ag*icultu*al *inanc*ng in the Amazon
</line>
</par><par>
<line>
Biome *y requiring documentat*on p*ovin* enviro*mental compliance. The ac*io* c*n
</line>
<line>
*e
</line>
</par><par>
<line>
understood as a result of the inter*isci*l*narity p*opos*d by deforestation c*ntrol p*ans, as it
</line>
</par><par>
<line>
shows
</line>
<line>
an inci*i*e a**ion by th* Central Bank *ith a direct infl**nce on deforestat**n. *he
</line>
</par><par>
<line>
Resolution made the presentation o* the Rural P*operty Regist*ation Certific*te (*CIR),
</line>
<line>
t he
</line>
</par><par>
<line>
non*xistenc* of emb*rgoes in *o**e on *he economic use of *lle*ally deforeste* *reas in
</line>
<line>
t he
</line>
</par><par>
<line>
property, and th* doc***ntati*n *f environmental re*ulari*y in th* region of the enterprise to
</line>
<line>
become conditioning factors for granting **nding. This reduce* t*e possibil*ties of expandi*g
</line>
<line>
t*e ec*no*ic activity *f those wh* practice* environme*tal i*legalities on t*eir lands
</line>
<line>
(Fearnside, 2017).
</line>
</par><par>
<line>
The years from 200* to *011
</line>
<line>
*hus seem to
</line>
<line>
presen* a st**ng r*lationship be*ween
</line>
<line>
* he
</line>
</par><par>
<line>
incidence of *he
</line>
<line>
two *lans
</line>
<line>
and the large reduc**on of *efore*tation. Re*iona* contro* and
</line>
</par><par>
<line>
monitoring
</line>
<line>
through **telli*es has thus expanded
</line>
<line>
*he resp*nse
</line>
<line>
c*pacity *f environmental
</line>
</par><par>
<line>
agencies. Moreov*r, credit as an incentiv* for *usta*nable econ*mic ac*ivities in the Forest
</line>
</par><par>
<line>
*egion and the
</line>
<line>
non**ant*** of credit to rural landowners who car*y illegal acti*ities on th*ir
</line>
</par><par>
<line>
la*d certainly contri*uted
</line>
<line>
to
</line>
<line>
t*e figures f*r *he p*riod. *his period is, ther*fo*e, mark*d
</line>
<line>
by
</line>
</par><par>
</page><line>
Rev. FSA, Teresina, v. *0, n. 12, ar*. 7, p. 138-*64, *ez. 202*
</line>
<line>
www4.fsanet.com.*r/*evist*
</line>
</par><page>
<par>
<line>
Public P*licie* and Politics: T*e Brazil**n Di*emma to Reduce Defore*tation
</line>
<line>
153
</line>
</par><par>
<line>
the lo*s of impor**nce o* intern**ion*l pr*ces as an ex**anator* variabl*, *nd the *ncrea** in
</line>
<line>
the imp*rtance of ins*itutiona* vari**les. As of 201*, t*e*e is a *hir* logic in the relati*nships
</line>
<line>
between ma*ket variables a*d political influence, which will be reporte* b*low.
</line>
<line>
3.3 Legal loosening *n* reduced inspection: incentives for d*fore*t**ion (*0*1-*02*)
</line>
</par><par>
<line>
Lo*ki*g at deforestation fr*m *01* onwa*ds
</line>
<line>
means looking at a period in which th*
</line>
</par><par>
<line>
po*icies implemented in 2004 and
</line>
<line>
2008 *tarted t* *et loose, with **centraliz*t*on of so*e
</line>
</par><par>
<line>
importan* pro*esses. In thi* context *tand* *ut the
</line>
<line>
enac*ment o* Complem*ntar* La* (CL)
</line>
</par><par>
<line>
No. *40, wh*ch is a
</line>
<line>
key f*ctor for **e dece*tralizatio* of
</line>
<line>
env*r*nmental inspection *n f*rest
</line>
</par><par>
<line>
te*ritor*. In an attempt *o *educe bureaucra** in *n*ironme*ta* l*censing, *he CL defined that
</line>
<line>
und*rtakings and ac**v*tie* *h*t us* effec*ively o* *otentially polluting e*vironmental
</line>
<line>
*es*urces would be submitted t* the appro*al *f a single co*pe*ent *ody (Bra*il, 201*). The
</line>
<line>
licensing body co*ld n*w be *n the co*pete*ce of the Un*on, st**e, or mu*icipal*ty,
</line>
<line>
dec*ntra*i*ing the en*ir*nmenta* licens*ng process. The supposed gain in admi*i*tr**i*e spee*
</line>
<line>
meant t*at the Bra*ilian Institute of Environment and Ren*wable Natur*l *e*our*es (Ibama)
</line>
<line>
w*s only re**onsible for licensing project* with nati*na* impact, wh*le projects with l*ca*
</line>
<line>
i*pa*t would be li*en**d *y the competent *unicipal *ody (Caste*o et al., 2018).
</line>
<line>
In 2012 t*e *ew Fores* *ode (*ederal *aw No. 1*.65*/2**2) app*ars. Among
</line>
</par><par>
<line>
innovations an* *rit*cism, this tool accou*t*d f*r changes *hat reduce* t*e ranges of
</line>
</par><par>
<line>
Permanent Pre*ervati*n Areas (PPAs) along water courses. Th* text a*thorized the continuit*
</line>
</par><par>
<line>
o* agr*forestry, ecoto*rism, and rural tou*ism activ*ties in **As within ru*al
</line>
<line>
ar*as
</line>
</par><par>
<line>
*onsolidated un*il 2008, which const*t*tes an *mnesty
</line>
<line>
for
</line>
<line>
PPA
</line>
<line>
deforest*rs until tha*
</line>
<line>
date
</line>
</par><par>
<line>
(Almeida; Cas*e*o; *ivero, 20**). This
</line>
<line>
suppos*d granted amnesty pro*otes the
</line>
</par><par>
<line>
unde*sta*ding of *mpunity *or defore*ter*. Fro* t*e
</line>
<line>
persp*ct*ve of defo*estation as
</line>
<line>
a*
</line>
</par><par>
<line>
inv*stment deci*io*, a legal d*c*si*n granting
</line>
<line>
*mnesty to d*f*resters may lead to an
</line>
</par><par>
<line>
exp*ctati*n of * new a*nesty in the future, ind**e*tly favoring the inc*e*se *f d*forestation.
</line>
</par><par>
<line>
Meanwh*le, t*e PPCDAm entered its Phas*
</line>
<line>
I*I, from 2012
</line>
<line>
to 20*5, *ith a n*w
</line>
</par><par>
<line>
proposal for actions aimed at
</line>
<line>
chang*ng the
</line>
<line>
p*oce*s
</line>
<line>
of verification of il**g** ac*ivities in
</line>
<line>
t he
</line>
</par><par>
<line>
forest. I* *appen* that
</line>
<line>
*he defo*esta*ion
</line>
<line>
p*tter* has chang*d in recent yea*s, resulting in
</line>
</par><par>
<line>
deforestat*o* rates that are belo* the detection thres*old of t*e Braz*lian *ea* Time
</line>
</par><par>
<line>
Def*re*t*tion Detec*io* S*stem (DETE*) (C*s*elo et al., 2018). Amidst a
</line>
<line>
need for *ore
</line>
</par><par>
</page><line>
su**inct act*ons for the detect**n *f defores**t*on, *he program ended up suf*er*ng m*jor
</line>
<line>
Rev. FSA, Te*e**n* PI, v. 20, n. 12, ar*. *, p. 138-16*, d*z. 2023 www4.fsanet.com.*r/revista
</line>
</par><page>
<par>
<line>
G. Gouveia Ne*to, *. G. S*lva, R. B. Al*ei*a
</line>
<line>
15*
</line>
</par><par>
<line>
budge* c*ts from t*at ph*se onwards in all a*es of act*on. *able 1 depict* th*s scena*io
</line>
<line>
(Castel* et al., 20*8).
</line>
<line>
Table * - PPC*Am expenses in reais.
</line>
</par><par>
</par>
<par>
<line>
P*anning
</line>
<line>
8 1 9 ,7 9 * ,* * 2 .1 *
</line>
<line>
4 3 * ,0 0 7 ,1 4 6 .6 9
</line>
<line>
4 6 .8 1 %
</line>
</par><par>
<line>
*oni*or*ng
</line>
<line>
9 5 8 ,5 4 3 ,4 3 6 .4 9
</line>
<line>
7 0 2 ,7 5 * ,8 4 0 .8 5
</line>
<line>
2 6 .6 8 %
</line>
</par><par>
<line>
Promotio*
</line>
<line>
4 ,5 8 4 ,3 8 5 ,4 1 8 .4 4
</line>
<line>
* 3 7 ,* 8 6 ,5 4 4 .9 8
</line>
<line>
8 6 .* 8 %
</line>
</par><par>
<line>
Total
</line>
<line>
6 ,3 6 3 ,7 * 0 ,5 8 7 .0 8
</line>
<line>
1 ,7 7 6 ,5 * 1 ,5 * 2 .5 2
</line>
<line>
7 2 .0 7 %
</line>
</par><par>
<line>
Sourc*: Ca*telo et **. (2*18).
</line>
</par><par>
<line>
At the end of the exe*ution pe*iod *f **ase III, the project for Phase
</line>
<line>
I* was *nl*
</line>
</par><par>
<line>
launched i* 2018. Phase IV of the *PCDAm was presente* in an MMA document toge*her
</line>
<line>
with Phase III of th* PP*err*do. This was the first time th*t the documents were present*d
</line>
<line>
together. The un**ication of poli***s between 2016 and 2020 brought about *ignificant
</line>
<line>
changes. In an attempt to in*egrate the two Pl*ns, a Unified *xe*uti*e Committee w*s
</line>
<line>
established with s*veral bodies t**t oper*t* *n the two Plan*. *e*ti** 6 of the document
</line>
<line>
e*plains these fact*r* reg*rdi*g *he ne* form of governance. I* s*ctio* 5, t*e do*ument sta*es
</line>
</par><par>
<line>
that the o*jectives o* the Plans are the sa*e
</line>
<line>
as *hose propo*ed by th* National Pol*cy on
</line>
</par><par>
<line>
*l*mate Change (PNM*) (Bras*l, 2018). This means that in Pha*e *V the PPCDAm start* to
</line>
</par><par>
<line>
have a mixed
</line>
<line>
gov*rnance *s well as ****ct*ves th** are n*t speci*ic to the pro*ram.
</line>
</par><par>
<line>
Mischaract*ri*a*ion of *oth t*e *orm of g*vernan*e *nd the o*jective* of *he mo*t s*ccessfu*
</line>
</par><par>
<line>
Brazil*an deforest*tion contro* *l*n may *ave
</line>
<line>
contribut*d t* t*e dis*ontin**ty of previ*us
</line>
</par><par>
<line>
posit*ve *esults.
</line>
</par><par>
<line>
Some e*v*ro*m*ntal la*s wer* ma*e more fle*ible to favor **r***n sect*rs of soc*e**.
</line>
<line>
*hus, the reduct*on of funds for v*rious inspect*on ac*ions b*gins to *ecome not*c*a*le f*o*
</line>
</par><par>
<line>
2019 **wards. Th* bud*et
</line>
<line>
of bodies su** as Ibama a*d the Chico Mendes Institute
</line>
<line>
for
</line>
</par><par>
<line>
Bi*diversity Conservation (ICMBi*), m*inly responsible for mo*it**ing environm*n*al
</line>
<line>
crimes, is contradictory with the current situation of th* territory. D*f*restation r**es thus *tart
</line>
</par><par>
<line>
*o **se again along wit* the rec*rding of the *o*est
</line>
<line>
*udgets a*th*rized and execut*d by *h*
</line>
</par><par>
<line>
*o*ies **** monitor this e*v*ronmental pract*ce. Figure 4 shows *ow *bama\s
</line>
<line>
*i*cretionary
</line>
</par><par>
</page><line>
budg*t suffers a pe*ce**ible drop as defor*station leve*s rise again. T*e reduction of f*nds for
</line>
<line>
bodies su*h as Ibama may *ean a *e*uctio* in their ab*lity to fulfill th*ir inspection **nc*ions,
</line>
<line>
*ncouraging ille*al deforestation acti**ties.
</line>
<line>
Rev. *SA, Tere*ina, v. 20, *. 12, art. 7, p. 138-164, dez. 2023 ww*4.fsanet.co*.br/*evista
</line>
</par><page>
<par>
<line>
Public Po*icie* and Politics: The Brazilia* D*le*** to Redu*e Def*restation
</line>
<line>
155
</line>
</par><par>
<line>
Figu*e 4 - *bama\s Budge*
</line>
</par><par>
<line>
S*urce: Siop, 2022.
</line>
<line>
In addition *o a smalle* au**or*z*d and executed b*d*et, *m*ortant sources of
</line>
<line>
financing such as *he Amazon F*nd also s**rted to repr*sen* a prob*em. Cre*ted in 2008 in the
</line>
<line>
same cont*xt of Ph*se * of the PPCDAm, the Fu*d ceased to recei*e support from its larges*
</line>
</par><par>
<line>
investors in 2019. Germany an* N*rway began to block *r*ns*ers to *he Fund
</line>
<line>
after
</line>
<line>
t he
</line>
</par><par>
<line>
interru*tion
</line>
<line>
of monitoring *n* insp*c*ion activitie* that wer* financ*d
</line>
<line>
by th* F*nd. The
</line>
</par><par>
<line>
decisio* to *t*p the*e activities ca*e fr*m the MMA on t*e groun*s *hat the *un* ne*ded
</line>
<line>
change* i* its fu*c*i*ning *nd a k*nd of v*rifi*ation operatio* to in*est*gate irr*gul*ritie* in
</line>
</par><par>
<line>
tr*nsf**s to
</line>
<line>
instit*t*ons that carried out act*vities
</line>
<line>
to
</line>
<line>
pro**ct the For*st. The post*re, *hich
</line>
</par><par>
<line>
came from *h* chie* exe*utive of the MM*, meant that *n *019 no *roj**t wa* approved. This
</line>
</par><par>
<line>
resulted
</line>
<line>
in **e interru*t*on *f transfers, *onsequentl* in*e**uptin* a goo* part of
</line>
<line>
t he
</line>
</par><par>
<line>
ins*ection activities in the Am*zon terr*tory.
</line>
<line>
The absence of a containment *lan *nd the reduction o* inspe**ion **rroborate the data
</line>
<line>
in Figure 5. *he nu*ber of infraction noti*e* applied ov*r tim* by *bama beh*v*s
</line>
<line>
abnormal*y. I* mome*ts of *r**t defo**station activity th*oug*out 2002 and 200*, fines seem
</line>
<line>
to follow t*e amount of irregul*rities tha* occu*red. *owev*r, when de*orest*tio* act*vities
</line>
<line>
incre*se ag**n, pen*lti*s seem to s*ow a **eady downward trend ye*r after yea*. In t*is way,
</line>
</par><par>
<line>
*he a*o*nt *f fines
</line>
<line>
impo*ed seems to *ave mo*e to do *ith Ibama\s ability to *ppl* these
</line>
</par><par>
</page><line>
Rev. FSA, Teresina PI, *. 20, *. 12, ar*. 7, p. *38-164, d*z. 2023
</line>
<line>
*ww4.*sa**t.com.br/revista
</line>
</par><page>
<par>
<line>
G. Gouveia N*tto, J. G. *i*v*, R. B. Almeida
</line>
<line>
1*6
</line>
</par><par>
<line>
fines based on its *udget tha* with the en*ironm**tal cr*mes t*at effec*iv*ly occur *n
</line>
<line>
Amaz*ni** *oil.
</line>
<line>
Fig*re 5 - In*raction not*ces issued by Ibama
</line>
</par><par>
<line>
So*rce: Ib*ma, 2022.
</line>
<line>
The f*deral gover*ment then decides to reactiva*e th* National Counci* for the Leg*l
</line>
<line>
Amazon (CN*L), inactive si*ce the 1990s. Th*s cou*cil was a*pointed in 2020 with 1*
</line>
<line>
mil*tary per*onnel and no members of academia or st*te governments, no rep**se*ta*ives *f
</line>
<line>
the private sector or civil soc*ety, no r*p*esentativ* of the National Indigenou* P*ople
</line>
</par><par>
<line>
Foundation (Funai)
</line>
<line>
or indige*ous *eop*es,
</line>
<line>
no re*resentati*e of ICM*io or **ama. The only
</line>
</par><par>
<line>
infor*ation a*out CNAL\s *ctions is * 2*20 **udy tha* *ee*s to o*tline a n*w policy for the
</line>
<line>
Amazon *o*est. The *3-page document exp*ains how the CNAL and its Commis*io*s work,
</line>
</par><par>
<line>
indicating
</line>
<line>
various str*tegic objecti*es. These obj*ct*ves co*cern areas to be strengthen*d,
</line>
</par><par>
<line>
suc* as p*ese*vation, prot*ction, and sustainable developme*t. The d*cumen* also pr*p*ses
</line>
<line>
o*iginal immediat* act**ns s*ch as * Social Comm*ni*ati*n Plan, the reactiv*tion of the
</line>
<line>
Am*zo* Fund, and oth*r ac*ion* that seem to coincide wi*h targ*ts for r*d*ci*g deforestation.
</line>
<line>
Notwiths*andi*g, *he c*ar*cter of *he do*ument is that o* a study that is just beginn**g, with
</line>
<line>
**or*y defi*ed guidelines, poorly explained object*ves, la*k o* deadline*, and no indica*ion of
</line>
<line>
me*ns of fin*n*in*, in*pection, or any g*als. Iba** and ICMBio *re me**ioned only once, i*
</line>
<line>
a* excer** that mentions *heir "restr*ctu*ing" and e*entual "doctrinal revision". In t*rn,
</line>
<line>
PPCDAm is not me*tion*d onc* (*NA*, 2020).
</line>
</par><par>
</page><line>
**v. F*A, Teresina, v. 20, n. *2, art. 7, p. 138-164, *ez. 202*
</line>
<line>
ww*4.fsanet.c**.br/*evist*
</line>
</par><page>
<par>
<line>
P*bl*c Po*icies and Politics: The Brazilian Dilemma *o Reduce D*fores*ati*n
</line>
<line>
157
</line>
</par><par>
<line>
T*e f*deral govern*ent laun*hes another plan in 2*20, this t*me throug* the *MA:
</line>
<line>
the Nat*on*l Plan to Control Illeg*l Deforestation and R*co*er Native *egetation. It is a 17-
</line>
<line>
page *ocum*nt tha* reli** on three tr*nsversal themes: bus*ness e*vironment, innovati*n, a**
</line>
<line>
financing. *he Executive *ommission for **e Contro* of Illegal *eforestation and Recover of
</line>
<line>
Native V*getati*n (CONAVEG) is now res*ons*ble for t*e governance of th* plan. T*is body
</line>
</par><par>
<line>
is *omposed on*y *f feder*l *inis**rs and will make its d*c*sions on the
</line>
<line>
e*tablishment of
</line>
</par><par>
<line>
*uid*l*nes a*d plans for th* control of d*fore*tation and re*ores*ation
</line>
<line>
b*sed on Thematic
</line>
</par><par>
<line>
Consultative Cham*e*s. *hese Cha*bers *i*l ** est*bli**ed th*ough
</line>
<line>
a res**ution by
</line>
</par><par>
</par>
<column>
<row>
Al*hough th* ax** *f action of *his p*an m*k* sense acco*d**g to the abovem*nti*ned
</row>
</column><par>
<line>
plans (such
</line>
<line>
as *he PPCDAm and the PAS), the perspecti*es
</line>
<line>
are not ***d. T*e document*
</line>
</par><par>
<line>
expos*d here by CNAL an* *MA have a v*ry embry*ni* and info*mal c*ar*c*er. The
</line>
<line>
**cument p*esent*d *y CNAL is *uch *ore like a pre*im*nary study fo* p*l*cies to be drawn
</line>
<line>
up based on it. In *urn, *he d*c*ment proposed by t*e MMA has a ve*y inform*l character an*
</line>
<line>
i* p*ese*ted *s * g*impse of what may be dec*ded in **e *u*ure. Bo** *ocumen*s also indicate
</line>
<line>
**gnificant **ss** i* the representat*veness o* *ivil socie** and scientis*s, in addi*ion to little or
</line>
</par><par>
<line>
no referenc* t* bodies tha* were very su*cessf*l
</line>
<line>
in mon*t*ring a*d enfo*cing i*legal
</line>
</par><par>
<line>
deforest*tion ac*ivities. *i*h*ut goals, d**d*ine*, o* s**cif** actions, the MMA do**men* was
</line>
<line>
ne*er publishe* in *he O*fi**al Gazette, which d*notes its in*ormal *ature.
</line>
<line>
The informality and littl* devel**ment o* the*e two Plans i*di*ate a delay in
</line>
</par><par>
<line>
formulating p*licies to contain defo*esta*ion
</line>
<line>
*ctiv*ty, i* addition
</line>
<line>
*o
</line>
<line>
the inabi*ity to continu*
</line>
</par><par>
<line>
ex*cuting the formula of Plans t*at hav* al*eady shown good resu*ts. This
</line>
<line>
characteristic
</line>
</par><par>
</page><line>
b*cam* evident *ince the PPCD**, in its Phase IV, was put i**o joint e*ecuti*n and
</line>
<line>
Rev. *SA, *eresina P*, *. 20, n. 12, art. 7, p. 138-1*4, dez. **23 www4.fsanet.com.br/*evista
</line>
</par><page>
<par>
<line>
G. Gouveia Ne*to, J. G. Silva, R. *. **meida
</line>
<line>
158
</line>
</par><par>
<line>
governan*e *ith the PPC*rrado by the
</line>
<line>
gov*rnmen* of Michel Tem*r. From then on, ther*
</line>
</par><par>
<line>
se*ms t* be a great los* for the **ans for economic integration and control *f defores*at**n in
</line>
<line>
the Amazon Fores*, caused by m*schar*cter*zation of p*st pol*cies. *his phenomenon seems
</line>
<line>
to have o*cur*e* through *hanges in the form of govern*nce. It express*s itself in th* loss o*
</line>
</par><par>
<line>
repres*nt***veness of sectors of civil society, the red*ction *f fu*ds
</line>
<line>
for *mport*nt
</line>
</par><par>
<line>
environm*ntal control bodies such as Ibama, and th* lack of d*fini*ion of cle*r **jectives for
</line>
<line>
new Pla*s. The result* are an incre*se ** ar*und 1**% in *efore*ted area from *012 to 20*0.
</line>
<line>
4 FINAL C*NSIDER*TIONS
</line>
<line>
The history of *he Amazo* R*inforest is *he h*s*ory of how the State deci**d to *xploit
</line>
<line>
it eco*om*c*lly. The period under study *eems t* tell the story of **w the Brazi*ian State *as
</line>
<line>
ve*y succe*sful in identify*ng the variables that influenced the i**rease *n deforestati*n until
</line>
<line>
2004. The*, *t *as very successful in synthesizing P*ans f*r the control of *ef*re*ta*ion and
</line>
</par><par>
<line>
for s*stainab*e e**nomic integration o* *he *o*est u*til
</line>
<line>
2008. This was motivated b* a
</line>
</par><par>
<line>
*usta*nable *evelopmen* logic,
</line>
<line>
a*wa*s indicat*d in the proposed Plans. H*wev*r, a State is
</line>
</par><par>
<line>
managed by a
</line>
<line>
provisi*n*l government, and th*
</line>
<line>
cont*nui*y *nd e*aboration of
</line>
<line>
new polici*s
</line>
</par><par>
<line>
d*pend *n the g*vernm*nt t*at *s in po**r.
</line>
</par><par>
<line>
*he c*ntinuity of gover*men*s from 2010 *nward* seems *o
</line>
<line>
have chosen a gradual
</line>
</par><par>
<line>
mischaracte*izat*on o* *he Plan* that reduced B*azilian d*fore*tation. This occu*red *nitially in
</line>
<line>
the **rm of sensit*ve chang*s such as spending cuts in Phase III o* *he PPCDam (2012-201*),
</line>
<line>
which wer* justified by the way i* wh*ch defore*tation *ad ad**ted. From the* on, how*ver,
</line>
<line>
environme*ta*i**s have *ace* successi*e **feats regar***g enviro*mental le*islation. These
</line>
<line>
consecutive defeats are magnif*ed by budget reductions in insp**tio* bo*ies, which red*ces
</line>
<line>
their operational potential.
</line>
</par><par>
<line>
The scen*rio of environmental losse*
</line>
<line>
at the legislati*e level, along with the
</line>
<line>
l os s
</line>
<line>
of
</line>
</par><par>
<line>
inspectio* and moni*oring *ower, is th*n **d*d to the d*sc*ntin*ity of *he Pla*s. *he r*sult is
</line>
</par><par>
<line>
*he lack of elaboration *nd the disc*n*inuity
</line>
<line>
of initiati*es t*at aim to re*uce defor*statio*,
</line>
</par><par>
<line>
now on th* rise. The di*continu*ty *f t*e*e p*licies be*omes clea*er wh*n *t is onl* in 2*20
</line>
<line>
th*t the MMA a** the CNAL *repare do*uments that design studies for d*forestatio* in th*
</line>
</par><par>
<line>
country. *he absence
</line>
<line>
of policies *o c**trol de*ores*ation a*ts on the fores* in the for*
</line>
<line>
of
</line>
</par><par>
<line>
deregu*ation. With t*e reduction of *ns*ection oper*tions a*d loopho**s in *nvironm*nta*
</line>
</par><par>
<line>
laws, internati*na* mar*et p***e* *re
</line>
<line>
once a*ai* important for deforest*ti*n levels. Th*s
</line>
<line>
is
</line>
</par><par>
</page><line>
Rev. FSA, Teresina, v. 20, *. 12, art. 7, p. 1*8-164, dez. 202*
</line>
<line>
www4.fsanet.com.br/revista
</line>
</par><page>
<par>
<line>
Publ*c *o*i**es and Politics: The Brazi*ian Di*emma to Red*ce Deforestat*on
</line>
<line>
159
</line>
</par><par>
<line>
*ecaus* the *rice* of agricultural *ommodities make the expansion of the agricultural frontier
</line>
</par><par>
<line>
more *i*b*e, increas*ng
</line>
<line>
deforestatio*. The syn*h*sis *f these
</line>
<line>
econ*mic and politica*
</line>
</par><par>
<line>
relationships tel*s t** s*ory *f ho* the co*ntry was very success*ul in *ts environmental
</line>
<line>
pre*erva*ion *bjectives from *004 *o 2*11. However, it also contemplates how *t *hen began
</line>
<line>
to syste*at*cal*y ab*ndon these o*jectiv*s and de*egulate f*res* *xp*oitatio*, favor*n* gr*ups
</line>
<line>
with g**ate* *conomy power in the **gion.
</line>
<line>
This study c*n *e expanded by adding oth*r perspe*t*ves for the sa** period *n*
</line>
<line>
terr*to*y. *mong t*e*e perspectives sta*d out t*e dispu**s between environ*enta*ists and
</line>
<line>
rur*lists in gover*me*t i*stitutions, th* disputes *etween traditi*nal *eopl**, la***ess *eop*es,
</line>
<line>
*nd lar*e lando*n*rs *n *he Amazonian *erritory, in addition to deepe* resear*h on l*nd
</line>
<line>
regulatio* and c*ed*t p*licy. U*d*rst**ding t*is ti*e in*erv*l also *eans unders*anding the
</line>
<line>
occupati*n *f the Amazonian **rritory thr*ughout its ent*r* history. In this way, an* historical
</line>
<line>
a*proach *n the integration of the Amazon *lso co*tri*utes *o the understandin* of the future
</line>
<line>
of the fo*est. The ideologi*al approach *a* als* be taken, *ith *he underst*nding of the m*in
</line>
<line>
*conomic and social ideas that und*rp*nned t** various Plans th*oughout hist*ry. A*l these
</line>
<line>
stud*es, if pl**ed in a timeline, wi*l be able to dialog*e wi*h e*ch ***er and contribute to the
</line>
<line>
understan*ing o* the e*onomic e*p*oitation of th* Ama*on F*rest *e*ond *h* **rspective *f
</line>
<line>
the Sta*e a*d the market.
</line>
<line>
REFE*E**ES
</line>
</par><par>
<line>
ALMEIDA, *. T., CASTEL*,
</line>
<line>
T. B; *IVERO S. L. M. (2013). Avaliação
</line>
<line>
*os stakeholders
</line>
</par><par>
<line>
em r*laçã* às mu**nças na l*gis*ação ambien*al * reforma do Códi*o Floresta* **asileiro.
</line>
<line>
Desen*olvimento * Meio amb**nte, *7, 163-177.
</line>
</par><par>
<line>
ARAUJO, C ** al. (20*9). Pr*p*rty ri**** and deforestation
</line>
<line>
in the Brazilian *mazon.
</line>
</par><par>
<line>
E*olog*c*l Economi*s, 68 (8-9), 2461-2468.
</line>
</par><par>
<line>
A*IMA, E et *l. (2007). Fire in the Brazilian Amazon: A spati*l** e*plicit model *or polic*
</line>
<line>
impa** analys*s. Jour*al of Regional Sc**nce, 47(3), *4*-5*7.
</line>
<line>
BARBOSA, I. *. (2020). A alta das c*mmoditi*s agríco*as e o estabel*cime*to *o milagrinho
</line>
<line>
na ec**omia *ra*ileira no g*verno Lula. Re*ista C*njuntura Gl*bal, 9 (2), 145-146.
</line>
<line>
BIZZO, E; FARIAS, A. L. A. (2017). Priorização d* *un*cípios para prevenção,
</line>
</par><par>
<line>
*onitor*mento e con*r*le de desm*tamento
</line>
<line>
na Amaz*ni*: u*a co*tribu*ção à avaliação d*
</line>
</par><par>
<line>
Pl*no d* Ação para a Pre*enção e Controle do De**atamento *a Amazôni* Legal
</line>
<line>
(PPC**m). Desenvolv*mento e. Mei* Ambie*te, 42, 135-159.
</line>
</par><par>
</page><line>
R*v. FSA, Teresina *I, v. 20, n. 12, art. 7, p. 138-164, dez. 2023
</line>
<line>
*ww4.fsa**t.com.br/rev*sta
</line>
</par><page>
<par>
<line>
G. Gouv*ia *etto, J. G. Silva, R. B. Almeida
</line>
<line>
160
</line>
</par><par>
<line>
BRASI* (2001). Med**a Pr*visó*ia No 2.166-67, de 24 *e a*osto de *001. A*ailable
</line>
<line>
at:
</line>
</par><par>
<line>
h*tps://legis.s*nado.leg.br/sdleg-
</line>
</par><par>
<line>
getter/d*cumento?d*=3460118&dispo**tion=inline#:~:t*xt=*EDIDA%20PROVIS%C3%93
</line>
<line>
RIA%20No%202.166,24%2*DE%20AGOSTO%20DE%202001.&t*xt=10%20d*%20Le*%2
</line>
<line>
0no%209.393,ITR%2C%20e%2*d%C3%A1%20o*tra*%20provid%C3%*Ancias. [2* may
</line>
<line>
2*2*]
</line>
</par><par>
<line>
BRASIL (2004). *lano de ação
</line>
<line>
par* a
</line>
<line>
prevenção e co*t***e do
</line>
<line>
d*smatamento na Amazônia
</line>
</par><par>
<line>
Lega*.
</line>
<line>
Avai*able
</line>
<line>
at:
</line>
</par><par>
<line>
*ttp://comba*ea*desmatam*nto.mma.gov.br/im*ges/conteudo/PPCDAM_1aFas*.pdf [27 *a*
</line>
<line>
2022]
</line>
<line>
BRASIL (*0*8). Plan* Ama*ôn*a Sustentáv*l: diretrizes pa*a o desenvolviment* sus*entável
</line>
<line>
d* Amazô*ia Bra*ileira. Avail*ble at: htt*://ww*.mm*.gov.b*/estrutu*as/sc*/_arqu
</line>
<line>
ivo*/p**no_amazonia_*ustentave*.pdf [27 m*y 2022]
</line>
</par><par>
<line>
BRASIL (2*11). Lei Complementar Nº 140,
</line>
<line>
*e
</line>
<line>
8 de dezembro de 2*11. Available
</line>
<line>
at:
</line>
</par><par>
<line>
h*tps://www.planalto.**v.br/c*ivil_03/leis/lcp/lcp140.htm [28 m*y 2022]
</line>
</par><par>
<line>
B*ASIL (*012). *ei nº Lei
</line>
<line>
12.65* de 25 de maio de *0*2. Avail*ble
</line>
<line>
a*:
</line>
</par><par>
<line>
https://legislacao.pr*side*cia.gov.b*/atos/?*ipo=LE*&num*ro=*265*&ano=2012&at*=a48QT
</line>
<line>
*U1kMVpWT59b#:~:text=DISP%*3%95E%*0S*BRE%20A%20PR*TE%**%87%C3%8
</line>
<line>
3*%20DA,AG**TO%20DE%202001%3B%20E%20D%C3%*1 [27 jun 2022]
</line>
<line>
BRA*IL (2016). Pretendida Cont*ib*iç*o Nacio**lmente Determinada (Indc) Para
</line>
<line>
*ons*cução do Objetivo da Conven*ão-Quadro das N**ões U*idas sobre M**ança d* C*ima.
</line>
</par><par>
<line>
Available
</line>
<line>
at:
</line>
</par><par>
<line>
https://anti**.mma.gov.br/images/arquivo/80108/BRASI*%*0iNDC%20portugu*s%20FINA
</line>
<line>
L.pdf [17 may 2021]
</line>
</par><par>
<line>
*RASIL (2017). D**r*** Nº 9.073, de 5
</line>
<line>
de junho de 2017. Avai*ab*e
</line>
<line>
a*:
</line>
</par><par>
<line>
ht*ps://www.pla*alto.go*.br/cc*v*l_03/_ato2015-201*/2017/decreto/d9073.htm [1* may 2021]
</line>
<line>
BRASIL (Mi*i*tério d* Meio A***ente) (2018). Plano de Ação *ara *revenção e Co*tr*l* do
</line>
<line>
Des*atamento e das Que*mada* n* Cerrado (PPC**rado) e Pla*o de *ç*o *ara *revenção e
</line>
</par><par>
<line>
C*ntrole *o Desmatamento na Amazôn** Leg*l (*PCDAm): *ase 2016-2020. *vailable
</line>
<line>
at:
</line>
</par><par>
<line>
h*tp://combat*aodesmatamento.mma.*ov.br/ima*es/c*nte*d*/Livro-*PCDa*-e-
</line>
</par><par>
<line>
PPCerrado_W*B_1.pdf [*7 may 2022].
</line>
</par><par>
<line>
BROWN, S; ZARIN, D. (20*3). What does zero defo*estation mean. Scienc* 34*, *05-80*.
</line>
<line>
[d*i: 10.1126/science.1241277].
</line>
</par><par>
<line>
CANNAN, E. (19*1) Rev*ew*d Work: T*e Eco*omics
</line>
<line>
o* Welfare.
</line>
<line>
by A. C. *ig**. The
</line>
</par><par>
<line>
Economi* *ournal. 31 (122), 206-214. [doi.org/10.2307/222*816]
</line>
<line>
C**TELO, T. B et al. (2018). Gov*rn*s e Mudanças nas Políticas de Com*ate ao
</line>
</par><par>
<line>
D*smatamen*o na Am*ô*ia. Revista Iberoamericana de Economía Ecológic*,
</line>
<line>
28 (1), 111-
</line>
</par><par>
<line>
134.
</line>
</par><par>
</page><line>
Rev. FSA, Tere**na, *. 20, n. 12, *r*. 7, p. 138-*64, dez. 2023
</line>
<line>
www4.fsa*et.c*m.br/revista
</line>
</par><page>
<par>
<line>
Public Policies an* Poli*ics: The Br**il*an *ilemma t* Redu*e Deforestation
</line>
<line>
1**
</line>
</par><par>
<line>
CEPEA Cen*ro de Est*dos A*a*çados *m Economi* Ap*icada -
</line>
<line>
(2023). Pib-Agro/Cepea:
</line>
</par><par>
<line>
após recordes em 2020
</line>
<line>
e 2021, Pib do A*ro cai 4,22% em 2022. Availa*le
</line>
<line>
at:
</line>
</par><par>
<line>
https://www.cepea.esa*q.us*.b*/b*/relea*es/pib-agro-cepea-a*os-recordes-em-*020-*-202*-
</line>
<line>
pib-do-agro-cai-4-2*-em-2022.aspx [1* se* *023]
</line>
<line>
CNAL - Conse*ho Nacional *a Ama*ôni* Leg*l (2*2*). Plan* Estr*tégico 2020-2030.
</line>
<line>
A*ail*ble at: *ttp*://*ce*vo.socioambienta*.org/*cervo/*ocumentos/plano-estr*t*gico-2020-
</line>
<line>
20*0 [ 29 * a y 2022] .
</line>
<line>
CO*SE, R. H. (1960). *he Pro*lem of So*ial *ost. Th* J*urnal of Law & Econom*cs, 3, 1-
</line>
<line>
44.
</line>
<line>
FAMI***, M. D. (19*8). Cattle, Deforestat**n, a*d Develop*e*t in the Am*zon, *n
</line>
<line>
Economic, A*ronom*c, and Envi*on**ntal Perspe*tive. Wall**gfo**, UK: CAB *nternationa*.
</line>
<line>
F*ARNSIDE, *. M. (1999). I*pactos So**ais da Barragem de Tucuruí. I*: E*ologia de
</line>
</par><par>
<line>
Rese*vat*rios: Estrutu**, F*nção
</line>
<line>
e
</line>
<line>
Asp*c*os Sociais, R Henry (ed.), pp. 219-244.
</line>
</par><par>
<line>
*niversidade Estad*al Paulista (UNESP), Botu***u, *ão Paulo.
</line>
<line>
FEARNSID*, P. M. (2008). **eaça da soja. Scie*tific Ame*i*an Brasi* Esp**i*l Am*zônia
</line>
<line>
(*), 4*-5*.
</line>
<line>
FEARNSIDE, P. M. (2017). Def*restation of the Br*z*lian *m*zon. In: Oxford Research
</line>
<line>
Encyclo*edi* of Environmental S*i**ce, H Shuga*t (ed.). Oxfo*d Universit* Pre*s, *ew
</line>
<line>
*ork, USA. doi:10.10*3/acr*fore/97801**3894*4.013.102
</line>
<line>
FER*EIRA, M. D. P; COELHO, A. B. (2*15). Desmatam*nto *e*ente nos Est*dos da
</line>
</par><par>
<line>
A*azônia Le*a*: *ma análise d* contri*uiç*o
</line>
<line>
d*s p*e*os agr*c*las e das políticas
</line>
</par><par>
<line>
*overnamentais. Revista de Econo*ia e Sociologia Rural 53 (1).
</line>
<line>
F*O - Food and Agr*culture Or*anization of t*e United Na*io*s (20*0). Gl*bal For*st
</line>
</par><par>
<line>
Res*urces Ass*ssment 2010: Main *eport. *oma, Itália. Available
</line>
<line>
at:
</line>
</par><par>
<line>
htt**://www.fao.org/3/i1757e/i*75*e.pdf [30 jul 20*2]
</line>
</par><par>
<line>
I*AMA - Instituto Bra**leiro d* Meio Am*ien*e e do* *ecursos *a*urais R*nováveis (2*2*).
</line>
<line>
Da*os abertos do Ib*ma. Available at: https://dados*be*t*s.ibama.gov.br/datase*/fiscalizacao-
</line>
<line>
auto-*e-infraca* [20 m*y 20*2]
</line>
</par><par>
<line>
*NP* -
</line>
<line>
Insti*uto Nacional
</line>
<line>
d* Pesqui*a* Esp*ciai*
</line>
<line>
(2*22). **nitoram*nto
</line>
<line>
*o Des*atamento
</line>
</par><par>
<line>
*a
</line>
<line>
Flore*t*
</line>
<line>
Amazônica
</line>
<line>
B*asileira
</line>
<line>
*or
</line>
<line>
Saté*ite.
</line>
<line>
Avai*able
</line>
<line>
at:
</line>
</par><par>
<line>
ht**://www.ob*.*npe.b*/OBT/as**ntos/progra*as/am*zonia/prodes [10 jan 20*2]
</line>
<line>
KIRBY, K.R. et al. (2006). T*e *uture of *efo*estation in the Brazilian Amazon. Future*, *8,
</line>
<line>
432-453. [doi: 10.1016/j.futures.*005.07.011].
</line>
<line>
LAURAN*E, W. * et al. (2001). **e futur* of th* *raz*lian Ama*on. *cienc*, 2*1, 438-439.
</line>
<line>
[doi: 10.1*26/science.*91.5503.438].
</line>
</par><par>
</page><line>
R*v. FSA, T*resi*a PI, v. 20, n. 12, ar*. 7, *. 138-16*, *ez. 2023
</line>
<line>
www4.fsa*et.com.br/r*vis*a
</line>
</par><page>
<par>
<line>
G. G*uve*a Netto, J. G. Si*va, R. B. Alm**da
</line>
<line>
162
</line>
</par><par>
<line>
**KARI*VA, A. M; GORSHKO*, V. G. (2007). B*o**c pump of atm*sph*r*c moist*re as
</line>
</par><par>
<line>
*riv*r
</line>
<line>
*f the *ydrolo*i*a* cycle on land. Hydrol*gy *nd Earth System Scien*es, 11,
</line>
<line>
1013-
</line>
</par><par>
<line>
1*33.
</line>
</par><par>
<line>
*A*GULI*,
</line>
<line>
S. (2004). Causes of Deforestat*on in
</line>
<line>
t*e Brazilian A*azon. Wo*ld Ban*
</line>
</par><par>
<line>
Working Paper N*. 22. Washington, *.*., U.S.A.: World *ank. Avail*ble at:
</line>
<line>
https://doc*m*n**1.w*rldbank.org/curat*d/e*/*58171*687*8828889/**f/*7*150PAPER0wb
</line>
<line>
w*0no1022.pd* [10 jan 2022]
</line>
<line>
MATTOS, M. M; UHL, C. (*994). Eco*omic and ecological perspectives on ranching in the
</line>
<line>
e*stern *mazon. World D*velopment, 2*, *4*-15*. [d*i: 10.**16/030*-**0X(94)9006*-3].
</line>
<line>
MERTENS, B et al. (2002). Cr*ssing sp*t**l analyses a** l*v*stock ec*n**ic* to understand
</line>
<line>
de*orestati*n *r*cesses in the Br*zilia* Amaz*n: The case of *ao Felix do Xingu in South
</line>
<line>
Pará. A*ricu*tural Ec*nomics, 27, 2*9-294. [doi: 10.11*1/j.1574-0862.2002.*b00**1.x].
</line>
</par><par>
<line>
MMM - Ministério d* Meio *mb*ente (2017). P*CDA*. Available
</line>
<line>
at:
</line>
</par><par>
<line>
h**p://redd.mma.gov.br/pt/acompan*am*n*o-e-a-analise-de-*mp**to-*as-politicas-
</line>
</par><par>
<line>
publi*a*/ppcdam [10 jan 2022]
</line>
</par><par>
<line>
*MM - Ministér*o *o Meio A*biente (2020). Plano Nacional para o Controle
</line>
<line>
do
</line>
</par><par>
<line>
D*smatamento I*egal e *ecu*eraçã* da Vegetação Nativa (20*0-*030). A**i*able at: ane*o-
</line>
<line>
ao-*esumo-informativo-no-3_d*-29-5-2020.pdf (www.gov.br) [26 may 2022]
</line>
<line>
NOBR*, A. D. (2014). O fu*ur* cl*m*t*co d* Amazôn*a: r*latório d* av*lia*ão científica. S*o
</line>
<line>
José dos Campos, SP: ARA: CCST-INPE: INPA.
</line>
</par><par>
<line>
*FAFF, A. S. P. (1999). What driv*s def*res*a*ion in th* Brazil**n Amazon? Jo*rnal
</line>
<line>
of
</line>
</par><par>
<line>
Envir*nmental E*onomics and Mana*ement, 37(1), 26-43. [*0.10*6/j*em.19*8.105*].
</line>
</par><par>
<line>
PFAFF, A.
</line>
<line>
S. * e* al. (*007). Road inves*me*ts, *pa*ia* **ill*vers, and def*re*ta*ion in
</line>
<line>
t he
</line>
</par><par>
<line>
Bra*i*ian Amazon.
</line>
<line>
Jo*rna* of Regional Science *7(1), 109- 123. [doi: 10.1111/j.1467-
</line>
</par><par>
<line>
9 7 8 7 .2 0 0 7 .0 0 5 0 2 .x ] .
</line>
</par><par>
<line>
PP*DAm (2004). P*ano de Ação para Prevenção e Controle do Desmata*ent* da A*azônia
</line>
</par><par>
<line>
Legal.
</line>
<line>
F**e
</line>
<line>
I.
</line>
<line>
Br*sí*ia,
</line>
<line>
DF:
</line>
<line>
Cas*
</line>
<line>
* i vi l .
</line>
<line>
Avai*able
</line>
<line>
*t:
</line>
</par><par>
<line>
h*t*://redd.mma.gov.br/images/pub*icacoe*/PP*DA*_fa*e1.pdf [25 m** 2022]
</line>
<line>
PPCDAm (*009). Plano *e Ação para Pre*enção e Controle do Desma*a*ent* da Amazônia
</line>
</par><par>
<line>
Legal.
</line>
<line>
F*se
</line>
<line>
II.
</line>
<line>
Brasília,
</line>
<line>
DF:
</line>
<line>
Casa
</line>
<line>
C i vi l .
</line>
<line>
A*ailable
</line>
<line>
at:
</line>
</par><par>
<line>
http://redd.mma.gov.br/images/publi*acoes/*P*DAM_fase2.pd* [2* may 2022]
</line>
<line>
PPCDAm (2012). Plano de Ação para Prevenção e Contr*le do Desmata*e*to da Ama*ônia
</line>
</par><par>
<line>
Leg*l.
</line>
<line>
**se
</line>
<line>
III.
</line>
<line>
Brasíl*a,
</line>
<line>
DF:
</line>
<line>
*asa
</line>
<line>
C i vi l .
</line>
<line>
Avail*ble
</line>
<line>
at:
</line>
</par><par>
<line>
http://re*d.m*a.gov.br/images/publi*a*oe*/*PCDAM_fase3.PDF [26 may 2022]
</line>
</par><par>
<line>
REI, F. *. F., GONÇALV*S, A. F;
</line>
<line>
*OUZA, *. *. (2017). Aco*do
</line>
<line>
*e P*r*s: reflexões
</line>
<line>
e
</line>
</par><par>
</page><line>
desafios par* * *egime *nternacion*l de mudanças climáticas. **redas do Direito, *4(29), *1-
</line>
<line>
99.
</line>
<line>
Rev. FSA, Tere*ina, v. *0, n. 12, art. 7, p. 13*-1*4, dez. 2023 www4.fsanet.co*.br/revis*a
</line>
</par><page>
<par>
<line>
Pub*ic Polic*es and Pol*tics: The Brazilian D*lemma to Redu*e Deforestati*n
</line>
<line>
163
</line>
</par><par>
<line>
SA*ATI, E et al. (1979). *ecycling Of W*ter In T*e Amazon Basin: An
</line>
<line>
Iso*opic Study.
</line>
</par><par>
<line>
Wat*r Re*ources Research, 1*, 1250-1258.
</line>
</par><par>
<line>
SAMUE**ON, P. A. (1954). *he *ure *heory of Public Ex*enditure. The *eview
</line>
<line>
of
</line>
</par><par>
<line>
Economics and *t*ti*tics, 36 (*), 387-389 [*oi.*rg/10.2307/*925895]
</line>
</par><par>
<line>
SANT\A*NA, *.
</line>
<line>
A; YOUNG, C. E. F. (2010). Direito* *e
</line>
<line>
proprie**d*, *esmatamento
</line>
<line>
e
</line>
</par><par>
<line>
conf*it*s rur*is na Amazôn*a. *cono**a Apl**ada, 14(3), 381-*9*.
</line>
<line>
S*L*A, *. H. G. (2009). Ec**omic cau*es o* *eforestat**n in the *razilian A*azon: an
</line>
<line>
e*piric*l analys*s of the 2000s. In XX*VII EN*ONTRO NAC*ONA* ** E*ONOMIA.
</line>
</par><par>
<line>
Foz
</line>
<line>
do
</line>
<line>
Iguaçu:
</line>
<line>
Anpec.
</line>
<line>
*vailab*e
</line>
<line>
at:
</line>
<line>
htt*s://en.anp*c.org.br/previ*us-
</line>
</par><par>
<line>
editions.php?r=encont*o-2009
</line>
<line>
SEEG - Sist*ma de *st*mativa de Emissão de Gases *e *feito *stufa (20*1). Análise da*
</line>
<line>
e*is*õ*s brasile**as d* gases de efeito *s*ufa e suas implicações para ** metas c*im*ticas do
</line>
</par><par>
<line>
Br*sil
</line>
<line>
(197*-2020).
</line>
<line>
Availab*e
</line>
<line>
at:
</line>
<line>
*ttps://s**g-
</line>
</par><par>
<line>
br.s3.*mazona*s.com/Documentos%20An*liticos/SEEG_9/OC_03_**l*torio_*021_***AL.p
</line>
<line>
df [ 15 m a y 2*22]
</line>
</par><par>
<line>
S*OP - Sis*e*a *ntegra*o *e Planejame*to e Orçame*to do
</line>
<line>
Gove**o Fe*era* (2022). Lei
</line>
</par><par>
<line>
O*çament**ia
</line>
<line>
Anual
</line>
<line>
(2015-2*20).
</line>
<line>
A*ailab*e
</line>
<line>
at:
</line>
</par><par>
<line>
ht*ps://www1.siop.*lan*jamento.go*.br/siop*oc/doku.php/acesso_p*blic*:dados_*bertos [20
</line>
<line>
m a * 2022]
</line>
<line>
SO*RE*-FIL*O, B. S et al. (2006). *odeling cons*rvation i* the Amazon Basi*. Natur*
</line>
<line>
44*(*3), 520-523. [doi: 1*.1038/natur*04389].
</line>
<line>
S*UZA, M. C. O; CORAZZA, R. I. (2017). Do Protocolo *e Kyoto ao Ac**do de **ris: *m*
</line>
<line>
análise das mudanças do regime climático glo*a* a partir do estud* da evol**ão dos pe*fis de
</line>
<line>
emissão dos gases de e**ito estufa. Des*nvolvime*to e Meio Ambiente, 42, 52-80.
</line>
<line>
S*AROVEK, G *t al. (2019). Who own* Brazil*an la*ds? Land Use P*lic*, 87, 104*62.
</line>
<line>
VI*LA, E. (2002). O regime int*r*a*ional de mudança climática e o *rasil. Re*ista Brasileira
</line>
<line>
de Ciê**ias Sociais, (17)50, 25- 46 [*oi: 10.1590/S0102-6*0920020*03*00*3]
</line>
</par><par>
<line>
WORLD BANK (2021). Commodity Pric*s - H*s*ory And Proje*tions. Avail*b*e
</line>
<line>
at:
</line>
</par><par>
<line>
https://da*acata**g.worldb*nk.org/*earch/dataset/0038238/Comm*dity-Pr*ces---Hist*ry-and-
</line>
<line>
*r**ections [22 j*n 2022]
</line>
</par><par>
</page><line>
Rev. FS*, Teresina *I, v. *0, n. 12, art. 7, p. 138-164, de*. 2023
</line>
<line>
ww*4.fsan*t.com.br/revista
</line>
</par><page>
</document><par>
<line>
G. Gouve** Netto, J. G. Silva, R. B. A*meida
</line>
<line>
164
</line>
</par><par>
<line>
Como *efe**nciar este Artigo, conforme ABNT:
</line>
<line>
*OUVEIA NETTO, G; S*LVA, J. G; ALMEI*A, R. B. P*blic Policies and P*litics: *he B*azilian
</line>
<line>
Dilemma to Reduce Deforestation. Rev. FS*, *eresina, v. 20, n. 12, art. 7, p. 138-164, dez. 2023.
</line>
</par><par>
<line>
Contribu*ção d*s A*tore*
</line>
<line>
G. *o*veia Netto
</line>
<line>
J. G. Silva
</line>
<line>
*. B. Alme*da
</line>
</par><par>
<line>
1) conce*çã* e planejamen*o.
</line>
<line>
*
</line>
<line>
X
</line>
<line>
X
</line>
</par><par>
<line>
2) análi*e e interp*etação dos dad*s.
</line>
<line>
X
</line>
<line>
X
</line>
<line>
</line>
<line>
</line>
</par><par>
<line>
3) elabo*açã* do ra*cunho ou na revisão cr*tic* do *onteú**.
</line>
<line>
X
</line>
<line>
*
</line>
<line>
X
</line>
</par><par>
<line>
4) participa**o na aprova*ão da versão final do manus*rito.
</line>
<line>
X
</line>
<line>
X
</line>
<line>
X
</line>
</par><par>
</page><line>
*ev. FSA, Teresina, v. 2*, n. 12, art. 7, p. 138-164, *ez. 20*3
</line>
<line>
www4.fsanet.com.br/*evi*t*
</line>
</par>Apontamentos
- Não há apontamentos.
Este obra está licenciado com uma Licença Creative Commons Atribuição-NãoComercial-SemDerivações 4.0 Internacional.
Atribuição (BY): Os licenciados têm o direito de copiar, distribuir, exibir e executar a obra e fazer trabalhos derivados dela, conquanto que deem créditos devidos ao autor ou licenciador, na maneira especificada por estes.
Não Comercial (NC): Os licenciados podem copiar, distribuir, exibir e executar a obra e fazer trabalhos derivados dela, desde que sejam para fins não-comerciais
Sem Derivações (ND): Os licenciados podem copiar, distribuir, exibir e executar apenas cópias exatas da obra, não podendo criar derivações da mesma.
ISSN 1806-6356 (Impresso) e 2317-2983 (Eletrônico)